&lt;title&gt;Novel sample preparation methods and field testing procedures used to determine the chemical basis of cocaine detection by canines&lt;/title&gt;

Furton, Kenneth G.; Hsu, Yu‐Chin; Luo, Tien-Ying; Alvarez, Nayiby; Lagos, P.

doi:10.1117/12.266313

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…However, canine analyses from two independent research groups have shown that canines identify methyl benzoate as the active odorant of cocaine. In other words, canines alert to the presence of methyl benzoate, a decomposition product of cocaine, rather than the cocaine molecule itself (47,61,62). Further, canine alerts to cocaine have been upheld as proficient for probable cause in the Florida State Supreme Court, even given the evidence surrounding methyl benzoate as an active odorant suitable for training.…”

Section: Pseudo-odorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Types of Training Aids Used for Canine Detection Training

Simon¹,

Lazarowski

Singletary

et al. 2020

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The canine detection community is a diverse one, ranging from scientific fields such as behavior, genetics, veterinary medicine, chemistry, and biology to applications in law enforcement, military, medicine, and agricultural/environmental detection. This diversity has allowed for a flourishing and innovative community, yet it has also led to little acceptance and agreement on terminology. This is especially true when discussing the variety of training aids used in olfactory-based exercises. In general, authentic materials and pseudo-scents are the most commonly discussed, with the former accepted widely for training and certification, and the latter more often disregarded. However, as advances are made in the creation of training materials, alternative training aids are being introduced that do not fit into either of these categories. The misconceptions surrounding how these alternative training aids are manufactured has led to confusion on their classification, and therefore their reliance as an effective tool. This manuscript will review the existing language surrounding canine training aids, address relevant research revealing effectiveness, and clarify the different types based on their manufacture, chemical nature, and fundamental function.

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Section: Pseudo-odorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Types of Training Aids Used for Canine Detection Training

Simon¹,

Lazarowski

Singletary

et al. 2020

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…A handful of studies have used dogs that were already trained to respond to certain target odors, and tested their responses to individual components of that target odor mixture, to identify which of those components may constitute the target’s “odor signature” (e.g., [2,54,56,57]). For example, researchers have found that dogs trained to detect cocaine will respond to just methyl benzoate, a decomposition byproduct of a cocaine component [58]. However, experiments which seek to identify an “odor signature” to use as a canine training aid should be used cautiously.…”

Section: Generalization Of Mixtures and Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Generalization in Detector Dogs

Moser

Bizo

Brown

2019

Animals

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Simple SummaryDogs are valued for their odor detection capabilities in a vast range of fields. They help to find hidden and elusive targets, such as explosives, narcotics, missing persons, and invasive or endangered species, amongst an extensive list. In all these roles, dogs are required to find real target odors that vary somewhat from those with which they were trained. For example, dogs might be trained with an explosive mixture or certain explosive compounds, and then must be able to find homemade explosives of differing compositions or manufacturing processes. This ability, to respond to similar odors in the same way as they would respond to the originally trained odor, is known as generalization. A failure to generalize can result in dogs missing targets in working scenarios. Although generalization is usually desired to some extent, dogs must also discriminate against related odors that are not targets. Therefore, research that investigates factors that can influence dogs’ tendency to generalize, and conversely to discriminate, can inform training strategies to improve detection outcomes. However, this field requires further research with greater application to practical training.AbstractGeneralizing to target odor variations while retaining specificity against non-targets is crucial to the success of detector dogs under working conditions. As such, the importance of generalization should be considered in the formulation of effective training strategies. Research investigating olfactory generalization from pure singular compounds to more complex odor mixtures helps to elucidate animals’ olfactory generalization tendencies and inform ways to alter the generalization gradient by broadening or narrowing the range of stimuli to which dogs will respond. Olfactory generalization depends upon both intrinsic factors of the odors, such as concentration, as well as behavioral and cognitive factors related to training and previous experience. Based on the current research, some training factors may influence generalization. For example, using multiple target exemplars appears to be the most effective way to promote elemental processing and broaden the generalization gradient, whereas increasing the number of training instances with fewer exemplars can narrow the gradient, thereby increasing discrimination. Overall, this research area requires further attention and study to increase our understanding of olfactory generalization in dogs, particularly detector dogs, to improve training and detection outcomes.

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Impact of Adsorption on the Vapor Availability of Contained Explosives and Drugs

Calabrese,

Alexis,

Furton

et al. 2024

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Detection canines are used to locate explosives, drugs, and other contraband based on the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with the target items, even when attempts have been made to contain them in layers of packaging. It is important to understand the extent to which different materials impact vapor availability through adsorption or absorption and therefore the ability of canines to detect target materials. This study considered how the attenuation of vapor components associated with explosives and drugs (hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD), trinitrotoluene (TNT), triacetone triperoxide (TATP), and cocaine) by commonly used concealment and storage materials (metal, glass, plastic, and cardboard). Adsorption/desorption affinity was measured using a quartz crystal microbalance which can measure nanogram level mass changes as vapor from an analyte is flowed over and interacts with a sensor coated in a material of interest. Headspace analysis using solid phase microextraction (SPME) with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or electron capture detector (GC/MS or ECD) measured the VOCs over time as each analyte of interest was exposed to either 50 cm2 or 100 cm2 of each material. Overall, the results demonstrated that the amount of sorption and vapor suppression varies based on the material, with the greatest attenuation of analyte vapor by cardboard, followed by polystyrene, and then glass. Furthermore, it also depends on the analyte, as demonstrated by minimal sorption of TATP, particularly to polystyrene, and the compounds in HMTD having different affinities resulting in an altered vapor profile.

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<title>Novel sample preparation methods and field testing procedures used to determine the chemical basis of cocaine detection by canines</title>

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

A Review of the Types of Training Aids Used for Canine Detection Training

A Review of the Types of Training Aids Used for Canine Detection Training

Olfactory Generalization in Detector Dogs

Impact of Adsorption on the Vapor Availability of Contained Explosives and Drugs

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