&lt;title&gt;Method for embedding optical fibers and optical fiber sensors in metal parts and structures&lt;/title&gt;

Lee, Chung Eun; Alcoz, J.J.; Gibler, William N.; Atkins, Robert; Taylor, Henry F.

doi:10.1117/12.50169

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…There are a few laser-based methods that make the embedding of optical sensors within metallic structures possible [2][3][4][5]. In the laser-based embedding process, a protective layer must be created around the FBGs using cold processes [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity alteration of fiber Bragg grating sensors with additive micro-scale bi-material coatings

Zhang¹,

Alemohammad²,

Toyserkani³

2013

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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This paper describes a combined fabrication method for creating a bi-material micro-scale coating on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) optical sensors using laser-assisted maskless microdeposition (LAMM) and electroless nickel plating. This bi-material coating alters the sensitivity of the sensor where it also acts as a protective layer. LAMM is used to coat bare FBGs with a 1-2 μm thick conductive silver layer followed by the electroless nickel plating process to increase layer thickness to a desired level ranging from 1 to 80 μm. To identify an optimum coating thickness and predict its effect on the sensor's sensitivity to force and temperature, an optomechanical model is developed in this study. According to the model if the thickness of the Ni layer is 30-50 μm, maximum temperature sensitivity is achieved. Our analytical and experimental results suggest that the temperature sensitivity of the coated FBG with 1 μm Ag and 33 μm Ni is almost doubled compared to a bare FBG with sensitivity of 0.011 ± 0.001 nm • C −1. In contrast, the force sensitivity is decreased; however, this sensitivity reduction is less than the values reported in the literature.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity alteration of fiber Bragg grating sensors with additive micro-scale bi-material coatings

Zhang¹,

Alemohammad²,

Toyserkani³

2013

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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“…Thus, the low temperature embedding processes, sputtering and electroplating, produce almost no residue stress for the embedded FBG sensors. This is an advantage over other reported embedding processes[2][3][4]. At the temperature of 250 °C, the peak wavelength of the reflected light is about 1304.5 nm.…”

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confidence: 87%

Thermal behavior of a metal embedded fiber Bragg grating sensor

Prinz

Seim

2001

Smart Mater. Struct.

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With embedded sensors, the structures are capable of monitoring parameters at such critical locations not accessible to ordinary sensors. Recently, fiber optic sensor emerges as one promising technology to be integrated with structures. Embedding of fiber optic sensors into composites and some metals, especially those with low melting points, have been reported. However, all reported embedding techniques so far are either complicated or difficult to achieve coherent bonding with low residue stresses. Thus, it is of strong interest to pursue some economical ways to embed fiber optic sensors into metallic structures with low residue stresses. In this work, a new technique is proposed for embedding fiber optic sensor into metallic structures, such as nickel, with minimized residue stress. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors have been embedded into nickel structures. Thermal performance of such embedded FBG sensor is studied. Higher temperature sensitivity is demonstrated for the embedded FBG sensors. For temperature measurements, the embedded FBG sensor yields an accuracy of about 2 °C. Under rapid temperature changes, it is found that thermal stresses due to the temperature gradient in the metallic structures would be the main cause for errors.

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“…Embedding of fiber optic sensors in metallic materials has been investigated by many researchers [ 8 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 ]. One of the objectives for this type of materials is to embed an FBG array optical fibers in multiple direction covering 3D space inside the material.…”

Section: Materials Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber-Embedded Metallic Materials: From Sensing towards Nervous Behavior

Saheb

Mekid

2015

Materials

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Embedding of fibers in materials has attracted serious attention from researchers and has become a new research trend. Such material structures are usually termed “smart” or more recently “nervous”. Materials can have the capability of sensing and responding to the surrounding environmental stimulus, in the former, and the capability of feeling multiple structural and external stimuli, while feeding information back to a controller for appropriate real-time action, in the latter. In this paper, embeddable fibers, embedding processes, and behavior of fiber-embedded metallic materials are reviewed. Particular emphasis has been given to embedding fiber Bragg grating (FBG) array sensors and piezo wires, because of their high potential to be used in nervous materials for structural health monitoring. Ultrasonic consolidation and laser-based layered manufacturing processes are discussed in detail because of their high potential to integrate fibers without disruption. In addition, current challenges associated with embedding fibers in metallic materials are highlighted and recommendations for future research work are set.

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<title>Method for embedding optical fibers and optical fiber sensors in metal parts and structures</title>

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Sensitivity alteration of fiber Bragg grating sensors with additive micro-scale bi-material coatings

Sensitivity alteration of fiber Bragg grating sensors with additive micro-scale bi-material coatings

Thermal behavior of a metal embedded fiber Bragg grating sensor

Fiber-Embedded Metallic Materials: From Sensing towards Nervous Behavior

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