“…At the same time and despite their apparent differences, all three approaches share the goal of providing the author with an appropriate tool for the creation of relatively complex multimedia artifacts, and therefore one should expect to learn from a comparison of the three approaches. Two of the three approaches that we will discuss are the subject of work by the authors of this paper, and comprise on the one hand a graphical tool, MCF (Multimedia Construction Formalism), speciÞcally created for the design of multimedia documents [14,15] and on the other a powerful general purpose programming language, Haskell, to which has been added a special purpose library, Fran [5,6,16], which one can view as a domain-speciÞc embedded language. The third approach we will discuss is SMIL 2.0 [23], the W3C framework for describing time-based multimedia documents.…”