&lt;title&gt;Image analysis of discrete and continuous systems: film and CCD sensors&lt;/title&gt;

Kriss, Michael A.

doi:10.1117/12.47775

Cited by 5 publications

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“…For reference, a very good 35 mm SLR film system using a high quality color negative film would have a CMT= 96 for a 4 inch by 6 inch print viewed from 16 inches. Chart 1 shows the relationship between CMT Acutance values and perceived quality [5]. In today's digital still cameras, the biggest image sharpness factor is the quality of the lens.…”

Section: Sharpnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It soon became clear the overall quality of the Disc system was below standard. Using the Cascaded Modulation Transfer Acutance (CMT Acutance) sharpness quality metric developed by Tim Crane [2, 3] and later modified by the author [3,5] it was found that the Disc Image was in the "acceptable" image quality range, but not in the "good" or "excellent" quality range found in either the 110 camera systems or the growing compact 35mm camera systems. In order to enhance the quality of Disc images, the Kodak Research Laboratories (KRL) undertook a program to scan the images with a laser (CCD scanners were not well developed at that time), process the images automatically for improved sharpness, less grain (noise) and better tone scale rendition.…”

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How many pixels does it take to make a good 4"×6" print? Pixel count wars revisited

Kriss¹

2011

Digital Photography VII

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In the early 1980's the future of conventional silver-halide photographic systems was of great concern due to the potential introduction of electronic imaging systems then typified by the Sony Mavica analog electronic camera. The focus was on the quality of film-based systems as expressed in the number of equivalent number pixels and bits-per-pixel, and how many pixels would be required to create an equivalent quality image from a digital camera. It was found that 35-mm frames, for ISO 100 color negative film, contained equivalent pixels of 12 microns for a total of 18 million pixels per frame (6 million pixels per layer) with about 6 bits of information per pixel; the introduction of new emulsion technology, tabular AgX grains, increased the value to 8 bit per pixel. Higher ISO speed films had larger equivalent pixels, fewer pixels per frame, but retained the 8 bits per pixel. Further work found that a high quality 3.5" x 5.25" print could be obtained from a three layer system containing 1300 x 1950 pixels per layer or about 7.6 million pixels in all. In short, it became clear that when a digital camera contained about 6 million pixels (in a single layer using a color filter array and appropriate image processing) that digital systems would challenge and replace conventional film-based system for the consumer market. By 2005 this became the reality. Since 2005 there has been a "pixel war" raging amongst digital camera makers. The question arises about just how many pixels are required and are all pixels equal? This paper will provide a practical look at how many pixels are needed for a good print based on the form factor of the sensor (sensor size) and the effective optical modulation transfer function (optical spread function) of the camera lens. Is it better to have 16 million, 5.7-micron pixels or 6 million 7.8-micron pixels? How does intrinsic (no electronic boost) ISO speed and exposure latitude vary with pixel size? A systematic review of these issues will be provided within the context of image quality and ISO speed models developed over the last 15 years.Historical Introduction As early as 1969 Kodak Harrow Research Laboratories were actively building a 1000 line, electronic CRT based scanner and printer. The goal was to scan color transparencies and in an analog fashion apply the electronic equivalent to an un-sharp mask and then using a CRT based printer create a very high quality color print. The unsharp mask was designed in enhance the image on the print between a frequency range of 2 c/mm to 4 c/mm since experiments [1] at the Kodak Research Laboratory in Rochester, NY had indicated that this was the optimum range for visual enhancement of prints viewed at a normal viewing distance of four picture heights. This work was led by Bob Hunt in Harrow and marks the first meaningful move to electronic imaging at Kodak.In the late 1970's and early 1980's Kodak developed and introduced the Disc Camera system that used circular negatives with 15, 8 mm by 11 mm negative images. It soon became clear the overall...

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Section: Sharpnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

How many pixels does it take to make a good 4"×6" print? Pixel count wars revisited

Kriss¹

2011

Digital Photography VII

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Color Filter Arrays Based on Mutually Exclusive Blue Noise Patterns

Zhu

Parker

Kriss

1999

Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation

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<title>Color filter arrays based on mutually exclusive blue noise patterns</title>

1998

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The ordered color filter arrays (CFA) used in single sensor, color digital still cameras introduce distracting color artifacts. These artifacts are due to the phase shifted, aliased signals introduced by the sparse sampling by the CFAs. This work reports the results of an investigation on the possibility of using random patterns as a CFA for single sensor, digital still cameras. From a single Blue Noise Mask pattern, three mutually exclusive, random CFAs are constructed representing the red, green, and blue color filters. An edge adaptive method consisting of missing-pixel edge detection and boundary sensitive interpolation is employed to reconstruct the entire image. Experiments have shown that the random CFA alleviates the problem of the low-frequency color banding associated with ordered arrays. This method also has the advantage of better preserving color free, sharp neutral edges, and results in less deviation from neutral on high frequency, monochrome information.Keywords: color filter arrays, digital cameras, Bayer pattern, blue noise mask, edge detection.]1 :it iJ Figure 3. A linear CCD imaging array.

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<title>Image analysis of discrete and continuous systems: film and CCD sensors</title>

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

How many pixels does it take to make a good 4"×6" print? Pixel count wars revisited

How many pixels does it take to make a good 4"×6" print? Pixel count wars revisited

Color Filter Arrays Based on Mutually Exclusive Blue Noise Patterns

<title>Color filter arrays based on mutually exclusive blue noise patterns</title>

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