&lt;title&gt;Field and laboratory comparison of the sensitivity and reliability of cocaine detection on currency using chemical sensors, humans, K-9s, and SPME/GC/MS/MS analysis&lt;/title&gt;

Furton, Kenneth G.; Hsu, Yu‐Chin; Luo, Tien-Ying; Norelus, Arnold; Rose, Stefan

doi:10.1117/12.334543

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The duration of residual odors depends on the testing material itself, the substrate being contaminated by the residual odor, the amount of contamination, and environmental conditions. For example, residues from narcotics or essential oil have been shown to be detected anywhere from 2 to 48 h after removal of the odor source (12,114,116). Dogs have been able to detect human remains residue in soil up to 667 days after removal (117), and have been successful in locating blood on cotton swatches after five laundry cycles (118).…”

Section: Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological Considerations in Canine Olfactory Detection Research

et al. 2020

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Dogs are increasingly used in a wide range of detection tasks including explosives, narcotics, medical, and wildlife detection. Research on detection dog performance is important to understand olfactory capabilities, behavioral characteristics, improve training, expand deployment practices, and advance applied canine technologies. As such, it is important to understand the influence of specific variables on the quantification of detection dog performance such as test design, experimental controls, odor characteristics, and statistical analysis. Methods for testing canine scent detection vary influencing the outcome metrics of performance and the validity of results. Operators, management teams, policy makers, and law enforcement rely on scientific data to make decisions, design policies, and advance canine technologies. A lack of scientific information and standardized protocols in the detector dog industry adds difficulty and inaccuracies when making informed decisions about capability, vulnerability, and risk analysis. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight important methodological issues and expand on considerations for conducting scientifically valid detection dog research.

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Section: Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological Considerations in Canine Olfactory Detection Research

et al. 2020

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“…Headspace (HS) sampling using SPME for characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOC) has been used to characterize explosives [ 9 ], confiscated 3, 4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA a.k.a. Ecstasy), amphetamine [ 10 ], and cocaine [ 11 ]. The upsurge in the use of SPME as an all-in-one sample preparation, cleanup, and pre-concentration of volatiles in forensics highlights its importance to the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing the Smell of Marijuana by Odor Impact of Volatile Compounds: An Application of Simultaneous Chemical and Sensory Analysis

Rice

Kozieł

2015

PLoS ONE

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Recent US legislation permitting recreational use of marijuana in certain states brings the use of marijuana odor as probable cause for search and seizure to the forefront of forensic science, once again. This study showed the use of solid-phase microextraction with multidimensional gas chromatography—mass spectrometry and simultaneous human olfaction to characterize the total aroma of marijuana. The application of odor activity analysis offers an explanation as to why high volatile chemical concentration does not equate to most potent odor impact of a certain compound. This suggests that more attention should be focused on highly odorous compounds typically present in low concentrations, such as nonanal, decanol, o-cymene, benzaldehyde, which have more potent odor impact than previously reported marijuana headspace volatiles.

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Identification of Odor Signature Chemicals in Cocaine Using Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography and Detector-Dog Response to Isolated Compounds Spiked on U.S. Paper Currency

Furton

Hong

Hsu

et al. 2002

Journal of Chromatographic Science

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Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) combined with gas chromatography (GC) is optimized and applied to the analysis of street-cocaine samples followed by the field-testing of isolated chemicals using certified detector dogs. SPME proves to be a very sensitive and rapid method for isolating odor chemicals from street-cocaine samples. SPME-GC and activated charcoal strip (ACS)-SPME-GC signature profile methods are developed for the detection and quantitation of cocaine-odor chemicals, including the optimization of controllable variables such as fiber chemistry, extraction time, and desorption time. The volatile odor chemicals in representative illicit cocaine samples are identified and quantitated by the ACS-SPME-GC signature profile method and direct injection. Field tests with drug detector dogs show methyl benzoate to be the dominant signature odor chemical along with cocaine on U.S. currency at a threshold level of approximately 1-10 microg when spiked or when 10 ng/s methyl benzoate is diffused from polymer bottles, which is required in order to initiate an alert. No other substance studied initiated consistent responses by the drug dogs. The results indicate that the microgram levels of cocaine that have been reported on circulated U.S. currency are insufficient to signal an alert from law-enforcement trained drug detector dogs.

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<title>Field and laboratory comparison of the sensitivity and reliability of cocaine detection on currency using chemical sensors, humans, K-9s, and SPME/GC/MS/MS analysis</title>

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Methodological Considerations in Canine Olfactory Detection Research

Methodological Considerations in Canine Olfactory Detection Research

Characterizing the Smell of Marijuana by Odor Impact of Volatile Compounds: An Application of Simultaneous Chemical and Sensory Analysis

Identification of Odor Signature Chemicals in Cocaine Using Solid-Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography and Detector-Dog Response to Isolated Compounds Spiked on U.S. Paper Currency

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