&lt;title&gt;Displacement models for THUNDER actuators having general loads and boundary conditions&lt;/title&gt;

Wieman, Robert; Smith, Ralph C.; Kackley, Tyson; Ounaies, Zoubeida; Bernd, Jeffrey D.

doi:10.1117/12.436479

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…These measurements are important since the values provide a measure of the stress distribution on the laminates; dome height also provides a parameter that is used in numerical modeling [9]. Average adhesive thickness was estimated for each group; group A was 0.084 mm thick, and group B 0.018mm thick (Group B is 4.7 times thicker than group B), see Table 1 for a summary of these measurements.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adhesive characterization in prestressed piezoelectric laminates

Hodges

Mossi

Scott

2003

Smart Structures and Materials 2003: Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics

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Pre-stressed piezoelectric laminates, consisting of one or more metal layers and a piezoelectric material bonded together with an adhesive, have been widely studied over the past few years, both numerically and experimentally. Most of the current research has concentrated on the effect of the metal layers, types and geometry, along with variations in the active layer of the laminate. Historically, the adhesive layer has been neglected as a contributing factor in the overall performance of the final device. This paper attempts to address the effect of the adhesive line thickness and its influence on the performance of pre-stressed piezoelectric laminates under specific boundary conditions. All laminates tested were constructed with the following lay-up: 0.354 mm thick stainless steel, adhesive, 0.381 mm PZT ceramic, adhesive, and a 0.0254 mm aluminum layer. The devices having an adhesive line thickness of 0.169 mm were classified as group A, and group B were the devices with an adhesive line thickness of 0.036 mm. The adhesive line thickness for group A was approximately 21% more than the line thickness of group B. The devices were tested in a simply supported, free-free condition under a series of loads at a constant frequency of 5 Hz over a voltage range from 400 to 800 Volts peak-topeak. Displacement was measured using loads of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 grams for each actuator. The data from each group was averaged and compared. The results showed group B generated more displacement at the same "arm weight" applied as compared to group A. However, only three samples for group B were measured since the rest of the samples failed during testing. Failure of the devices of group B may be due to the ultimate stress of the devices and their ability to lift a load under those conditions. The study demonstrated that adhesive layer thickness, along with the manufacturing process, has to be taken into account when developing an application that requires load-bearing capabilities. Even though no direct mechanical property measurements were taken to verify this theory, the results demonstrated that the adhesive does play a critical role in the performance of the device as an actuator and should be factored into both experimental and numerical studies to obtain more accurate predictions of the ultimate behavior of these devices.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adhesive characterization in prestressed piezoelectric laminates

Hodges

Mossi

Scott

2003

Smart Structures and Materials 2003: Active Materials: Behavior and Mechanics

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“…This is accomplished through a Galerkin finite element approach utilizing cubic Hermite elements in addition to transition elements to achieve the appropriate continuity across material interfaces. This numerical approach differs from that used in [3], where a linear and cubic Hermite model was employed, in that the finite element method in this paper significantly reduces the order of the model while achieving higher numerical accuracy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A dynamic hysteresis model for Thunder transducers

Ball¹,

Smith²,

Ounaies³

2003

SPIE Proceedings

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This paper summarizes a nonlinear model which quantifies the displacements generated in THUNDER actuators in response to applied voltages for a variety of boundary conditions and exogenous loads. A PDE model is constructed using Newtonian principles to quantify the displacements in the actuator due to field inputs to the piezoceramic patch. A free energy based hysteretic stress-strain relation is employed to model hysteresis inherent to the PZT. A finite element method and Crank-Nicholson scheme are developed to discretize the model; properties of the model are illustrated through comparison with experimental data.

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“…There are several papers that have discussed the mathematical modeling of this actuator [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Although these articles approximate the experimental results on a limited scale, they demonstrate the need for additional experimental work to refine the THUNDER computational model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Correlation of Electrical Properties of Prestressed Unimorphs as a Function of Mechanical Strain and Displacement

Bryant

Mossi

Robbins

et al. 2005

Integrated Ferroelectrics

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Prestressed Unimorph-type actuators are being adapted for industrial applications previously not envisioned for piezoelectric based technology. These include electronically controlled diesel valve injectors, non-resonance fluidic pumps and low-stroke linear motors. To expand the range of applications and refine the design of these actuators for additional technologies, the effects of load placement, force distribution and mounting must be investigated in order to retrofit existing devices and systems. This research uses several sets of multi-strain gauged THUNDER actuators mounted in a fully compliant test fixture equipped with an LVDT and weight system and to characterize the room temperature strain and displacement as a function of mechanical loading. The results will be used to refine computational models that aid in the design of these actuators for future applications.

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<title>Displacement models for THUNDER actuators having general loads and boundary conditions</title>

Cited by 18 publications

References 14 publications

Adhesive characterization in prestressed piezoelectric laminates

Adhesive characterization in prestressed piezoelectric laminates

A dynamic hysteresis model for Thunder transducers

The Correlation of Electrical Properties of Prestressed Unimorphs as a Function of Mechanical Strain and Displacement

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