&lt;title&gt;Development of grazing incidence multilayer mirrors for hard x-ray focusing telescopes&lt;/title&gt;

Mao, Peter H.; Harrison, Fiona A.; Platonov, Yuriy Ya.; Broadway, David M.; DeGroot, Brian; Christensen, Finn Erland; Craig, William W.; Hailey, Charles J.

doi:10.1117/12.283791

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…It has been demonstrated for HEFT that one can tolerate a 5% change of the bilayer thicknesses across the mirror surfaces without a significant influence on the throughput and/or field of view of the telescopes. 18 The current baseline design for HEFT is that it will be made up of 600 segments rather than the 900 segments mounted on the current prototype.13 The 9Q0 segments, however, allowed us to probe the uniformity and quality of the coating up to and beyond the limits of the current HEFT baseline design. Figure 3 shows the measured reflectivity of mirror segment D3 taken at 34 keV for a number of values of the azimuthal position q.…”

Section: Uniformity Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

<title>Hard x-ray characterization of a HEFT single-reflection prototype</title>

et al. 2000

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We have measured the hard X-ray reflectivity and imaging performance from depth graded W/Si multilayer coated mirror segments mounted in a single reflection cylindrical prototype for the hard X-ray telescopes to be flown on the High Energy Focusing Telescope(HEFT) balloon mission. Data have been obtained in the energy range from 18 -170 keV at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility and at the Danish Space Research Institute at 8 keV. The modeling of the reflectivity data demonstrate that the multilayer structure can be well described by the intended power law distribution of the bilayer thicknesses optimized for the telescope performance and we find that all the data is consistent with an interfacial width of 4.5 A. We have also demonstrated that the required 5% uniformity of the coatings is obtained over the mirror surface and we have shown that it is feasible to use similar W/Si coatings for much higher energies than the nominal energy range of HEFT leading the way for designing Gamma-ray telescopes for future astronomical applications. Finally we have demonstrated 35 arcsecond Half Power Diameter imaging performance of the one bounce prototype throughout the energy range of the HEFT telescopes.

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Section: Uniformity Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

<title>Hard x-ray characterization of a HEFT single-reflection prototype</title>

et al. 2000

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“…) We are producing a new type of substrate by thermally forming glass 1, 3 . X-ray scattering measurements indicate the microroughness is 3.5 Å, and multilayers deposited on these substrates have similar microroughness 4 . This translates to higher reflectivity in the hard x-ray band compared to epoxy-replicated foils.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Fast optical metrology of the hard x-ray optics for the High Energy Focusing Telescope (HEFT)

1998

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We describe a fast figure metrology system designed for the several thousand mirror quadrants in the High Energy Focusing Telescope (HEFT) balloon experiment. HEFT's multilayer coated hard x-ray optics will have ~ 1 arcminute HEW and operate at 20-80 keV. The optics are a conical approximation to the Wolter-I configuration. Our automated system can measure the axial figure error, in-phase and out-of-phase roundness errors of a mirror quadrant, and output their HEW contribution to the x-ray telescope. An optical laser scans a conical mirror in two cylindrical coordinate axes. A 2-D position sensitive diode (PSD) measures the reflected beam to ~ 4 arcseconds. The conical mirror can have ≥ 3 cm radius. We show the figure measurements of HEFT's aluminum foil and thermally formed glass substrates.

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“…Hailey was especially interested in a substrate to which multilayers could be applied. For a W/Si multilayer, Mao et al [34] found that the interfacial roughness on glass (3.5-4.0Å) was lower than that on an epoxy replicated foil (4.5-5.0Å) (they did not try multilayer replication).…”

Section: Glass As a Substratementioning

confidence: 99%

Thin Shell, Segmented X-Ray Mirrors

Petre

2010

X-Ray Optics and Instrumentation

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Thin foil mirrors were introduced as a means of achieving high throughput in an X-ray astronomical imaging system in applications for which high angular resolution was not necessary. Since their introduction, their high filling factor, modest mass, relative ease of construction, and modest cost have led to their use in numerous X-ray observatories, including the Broad Band X-ray Telescope, ASCA, and Suzaku. The introduction of key innovations, including epoxy replicated surfaces, multilayer coatings, and glass mirror substrates, has led to performance improvements and in their becoming widely used for X-ray astronomical imaging at energies above 10 keV. The use of glass substrates has also led to substantial improvement in angular resolution and thus their incorporation into the NASA concept for the International X-ray Observatory with a planned 3 m diameter aperture. This paper traces the development of foil mirrors from their inception in the 1970s through their current and anticipated future applications.

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<title>Development of grazing incidence multilayer mirrors for hard x-ray focusing telescopes</title>

Cited by 17 publications

References 5 publications

<title>Hard x-ray characterization of a HEFT single-reflection prototype</title>

<title>Hard x-ray characterization of a HEFT single-reflection prototype</title>

Fast optical metrology of the hard x-ray optics for the High Energy Focusing Telescope (HEFT)

Thin Shell, Segmented X-Ray Mirrors

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