“…Since 1990, Light Prescriptions Innovators Europe (LPI, Altadena, USA) has designed a variety of concentrators used in CPV, including R(refractive)R [37], X(reflective)R [37], RX [38], RXI [total internal reflection (TIR)] concentrator [38], TIR-R concentrator [37,39], and so on. Taking the TIR-R concentrator, for example, as shown in Figure 9, it has two parts: the primary surface is TIR surface as a microstructure with infinitesimal flat facets, and the secondary surface is refractive surface.…”