&lt;title&gt;3D range optical sensor: analysis of the measurement errors and development of procedures for their compensation&lt;/title&gt;

Carocci, Matteo; Lazzari, Sara; Rodella, R.; Sansoni, Giovanna

doi:10.1117/12.302452

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The basic principle of scanning technology is triangulation in order to generate the surface coordinates that make the shape. The captured information is then processed and curve-fitting techniques are used to obtain the surface coordinates, sometimes after processing for known errors in the system (Carocci et al, 1997). The accuracy of the scanner itself can vary depending on the object that is scanned and the method used for scanning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot measurements from three-dimensional scans: A comparison and evaluation of different methods

Witana

Xiong

Zhao

et al. 2006

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics

148

110

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An approach to automatic foot measurement using 3D scanned data is proposed in this paper. The proposed approach was evaluated through comparisons of simulated measurements (SM) of eleven male and nine female participants with manual measurements and with the output of a commercially available automated foot measuring system (CP). The registration procedure for the measurements and unambiguous definitions for each measurement were first established. Eighteen dimensions of each foot were calculated from the scanned data that comprised point clouds and selected landmarks. Two operators manually measured each participant's foot twice. These manual measurements (MM) showed high inter-and intra-operator reliability (ICC>0.84). Ten of the eighteen dimensions obtained from the three measurement methods, SM, CP, and MM, were subjected to an ANOVA and eight of the measurements showed significant differences among the three methods. After establishing a linear correction to adjust for systematic errors, there were no significant differences between the SM and MM methods for 17 of the 18 foot dimensions; and the single exception was the heel width dimension. The differences among the three methods, correction procedures and their significance are discussed.Relevance to industry: Measuring feet to obtain the relevant dimensions that characterize feet can be quite tedious and the measurement may be dependent on the 2 measurer. Automatic measurement with scanned data on the other hand, can give replicable information even though the measurements depend on the intricacies of the scanning system and the computational algorithms adopted. The proposed definitions and algorithms provide a means to automate foot measurements for customized footwear.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot measurements from three-dimensional scans: A comparison and evaluation of different methods

Witana

Xiong

Zhao

et al. 2006

International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics

148

110

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In other works, laser scanners were used to scan foot length. The scanned data can also be refined and modified using laser scanners, and can be used for remodeling the human foot [31][32][33].…”

Section: Measurement-specific Functionalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile Apps for Foot Measurement in Pedorthic Practice: Scoping Review

Kabir¹,

Rahman²,

Islam³

et al. 2021

JMIR Mhealth Uhealth

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Background As the use of smartphones increases globally across various fields of research and technology, significant contributions to the sectors related to health, specifically foot health, can be observed. Numerous smartphone apps are now being used for providing accurate information about various foot-related properties. Corresponding to this abundance of foot scanning and measuring apps available in app stores, there is a need for evaluating these apps, as limited information regarding their evidence-based quality is available. Objective The aim of this review was to assess the measurement techniques and essential software quality characteristics of mobile foot measurement apps, and to determine their potential as commercial tools used by foot care health professionals, to assist in measuring feet for custom shoes, and for individuals to enhance their awareness of foot health and hygiene to ultimately prevent foot-related problems. Methods An electronic search across Android and iOS app stores was performed between July and August 2020 to identify apps related to foot measurement and general foot health. The selected apps were rated by three independent raters, and all discrepancies were resolved by discussion among raters and other investigators. Based on previous work on app rating tools, a modified rating scale tool was devised to rate the selected apps. The internal consistency of the rating tool was tested with a group of three people who rated the selected apps over 2-3 weeks. This scale was then used to produce evaluation scores for the selected foot measurement apps and to assess the interrater reliability. Results Evaluation inferences showed that all apps failed to meet even half of the measurement-specific criteria required for the proper manufacturing of custom-made footwear. Only 23% (6/26) of the apps reportedly used external scanners or advanced algorithms to reconstruct 3D models of a user’s foot that could possibly be used for ordering custom-made footwear (shoes, insoles/orthoses), and medical casts to fit irregular foot sizes and shapes. The apps had varying levels of performance and usability, although the overall measurement functionality was subpar with a mean of 1.93 out of 5. Apps linked to online shops and stores (shoe recommendation) were assessed to be more usable than other apps but lacked some features (eg, custom shoe sizes and shapes). Overall, the current apps available for foot measurement do not follow any specific guidelines for measurement purposes. Conclusions Most commercial apps currently available in app stores are not viable for use as tools in assisting foot care health professionals or individuals to measure their feet for custom-made footwear. Current apps lack software quality characteristics and need significant improvements to facilitate proper measurement, enhance awareness of foot health, and induce motivation to prevent and cure foot-related problems. Guidelines similar to the essential criteria items introduced in this study need to be developed for future apps aimed at foot measurement for custom-made or individually fitted footwear and to create awareness of foot health.

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“…The last four patterns are obtained as follows: The pattern of the gray-code sequence corresponding to the eighth bit is generated and then spatially shifted by a fraction p͞4 of its spatial period p. The resulting patterns, called PS_0, PS_1, PS_2, and PS_3, are acquired and digitally smoothed in order to obtain fringes of the sinusoidal profile. 15 The intensity fields I i ͑ j, k͒ acquired that correspond to each shift ͑i ϭ 0, 1, 2, 3͒ can be expressed as follows:…”

Section: A Light Coding Based On the Combination Of Gray-code And Phmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional vision based on a combination of gray-code and phase-shift light projection: analysis and compensation of the systematic errors

1999

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A combination of phase-shift with gray-code light projection into a three-dimensional vision system based on the projection of structured light is presented. The gray-code method is exploited to detect without ambiguity even marked surface discontinuities, whereas the phase-shift technique allows the measurement of fine surface details. The system shows excellent linearity. An overall mean value of the measurement error equal to 40 microm, with a variability of approximately +/-35 microm, corresponding to 0.06% of full scale, has been estimated. The implementation of the technique is discussed, the analysis of the systematic errors is presented in detail, and the calibration procedure designed to determine the optimal setting of the measurement parameters is illustrated.

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<title>3D range optical sensor: analysis of the measurement errors and development of procedures for their compensation</title>

Cited by 10 publications

References 11 publications

Foot measurements from three-dimensional scans: A comparison and evaluation of different methods

Foot measurements from three-dimensional scans: A comparison and evaluation of different methods

Mobile Apps for Foot Measurement in Pedorthic Practice: Scoping Review

Three-dimensional vision based on a combination of gray-code and phase-shift light projection: analysis and compensation of the systematic errors

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