<p>The etiologic origins for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</p>

Abstract

COPD, characterized by long-term poorly irreversible airway limitation and persistent respiratory symptoms, has resulted in enormous challenges to human health worldwide, with increasing rates of prevalence, death, and disability. Although its origin was thought to be in the interactions of genetic with environmental factors, the effects of environmental factors on the disease during different life stages remain little known. Without clear mechanisms and radical cure for it, early screening and prevention of COPD seem to be important. In this review, we will discuss the etiologic origins for poor lung function and COPD caused by specific adverse effects during corresponding life stages, as well as try to find new insights and potential prevention strategies for this disease.

Epigenome Wide Association and Stochastic Epigenetic Mutation Analysis on Cord Blood of Preterm Birth

“…RASA3 gene encodes a protein that binds inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate and stimulates the GTPase activity of Ras p21. Interestingly, recent findings showed a relation among prenatal exposure to air pollutants, alteration in RASA3 DNA methylation and PTB [ 24 ]. Although the exact function of PRR5L with respect to pregnancy is unknown, PRR5L is a key regulator of cellular mTORC2 in vitro, which in turn is regulated by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) activity [ 25 ].…”

Consecutive Hypoxia Decreases Expression of NOTCH3, HEY1, CC10, and FOXJ1 via NKX2-1 Downregulation and Intermittent Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Increases Expression of BMP4, NOTCH1, MKI67, OCT4, and MUC5AC via HIF1A Upregulation in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

“…Interestingly, decreased mRNA expression of both Foxj1 and Nkx2-1 was observed in the lung tissues derived from the offspring of cigarette smoke-exposed maternal mice ( Song, 2016 ). Decreased NKX2-1 expression has also been observed in human lung tissues derived from COPD patients and is associated with cigarette smoking, WNT-5A overexpression, and distal-to-proximal airway re-patterning ( Baarsma et al, 2017 ; Yang et al, 2017 ; Huang et al, 2019 ). It is noteworthy that transcription of the Clara cell marker gene CC10 (also known as CCSP or CC16 ) has been reported to be directly and synergistically activated by binding of NKX2-1, C/EBPα and FOXA (HNF-3) transcription factors on the proximal promoter of CC10 ( Cassel et al, 2002 ; Ramsay et al, 2003 ; Minoo et al, 2007 ).…”

<p>Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Among Agriculturists in a Rural Community, Central Thailand</p>

“…4 COPD is a principle condition leading to several serious complications, ie, cor pulmonale, recurrent pneumonia, pneumothorax and respiratory failure. [5][6][7][8] Although the pathogenic mechanisms of COPD remain unclear, various risk factors such as genetic constitution, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, perinatal factors, childhood asthma, air pollution and cigarette smoking were identified to cause the disease. [6][7][8] In addition, COPD is considered a common occupational disease in particular populations including tunnel workers, 9 coal miners 10 and agricultural workers.…”

“…[5][6][7][8] Although the pathogenic mechanisms of COPD remain unclear, various risk factors such as genetic constitution, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, perinatal factors, childhood asthma, air pollution and cigarette smoking were identified to cause the disease. [6][7][8] In addition, COPD is considered a common occupational disease in particular populations including tunnel workers, 9 coal miners 10 and agricultural workers. 11,12 Related studies have reported the prevalence of COPD among agricultural workers including cattle, swine and poultry breeders was relatively high compared with that among nonfarming workers.…”

“…12 Agricultural workers can be exposed to biochemical, organic and inorganic substances which may contribute to COPD, for instance, dust, biomass smoke, ammonia, silica and endotoxins. 8,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Approximately one half of the Thai population live in rural areas where the characteristics of healthcare infrastructure and providers differ from those of urban settings especially in remote rural areas. 19 According to Thai national health policies, some noncommunicable diseases including type 2 diabetes and hypertension, but not COPD have been actively surveyed at the community level.…”