<p>The Cytotoxic Effects of <em>Moringa oleifera</em> Leaf Extract and Silver Nanoparticles on Human Kasumi-1 Cells</p>

Abstract

Background: Moringa oleifera, commonly known as "moringa", is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions across the globe. Extensive studies have shown that various parts of the moringa tree exhibit anti-cancer properties. This study determined the effects of sequential moringa leaf extracts and silver nanoparticles synthesized from moringa leaf extract on Kasumi-1 leukemia cells. Methods and Results: Dried moringa leaf powder was sequentially extracted with the assistance of ultrasound starting with absolute ethanol, followed by 50% ethanol, and finally, deionized water. The aqueous extract was utilized to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The optimum conditions to generate moringa silver nanoparticles (MO-AgNPs) were eight hours of incubation at 60°C with 1 mM silver nitrate and 1% moringa aqueous extract from sequential extraction. The three extracts and MO-AgNPs were used to treat Kasumi-1 cells for 24, 48, 72 hours with concentrations ranging from 400 to 12.5 µg/mL, while cell viability was determined with 3(4, 5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. After 72 hours of treatment, the moringa leaf absolute ethanol extract displayed the strongest inhibitory effects on Kasumi-1 cells with IC 50 of 10 µg/mL, in comparison to moringa leaf 50% ethanol extract (25 µg/mL) and aqueous extract (>400 µg/mL). Interestingly, MO-AgNPs exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effects on Kasumi-1 cells with an IC 50 of 7.5 µg/mL. Cytotoxic study on normal CD34+ cells treated with up to 50ug/mL of either MO-AgNPs or ethanol extract still had more than 80% cell viability indicating that the treatments have selective cytotoxicity against the cancer cells. Morphological studies of Kasumi-1 cells treated with IC 50 of moringa leaf ethanolic extract and MO-AgNPs show a lot of shrinking, dying cells and cell debris. Cell cycle studies displayed an increase in cells at the G1 phase for ethanol leaf extract, while MO-AgNPs caused cell cycle arrest at the S phase after treatment with IC 50 dose for 24 hours. Moringa leaf ethanol extract and the nanoparticles induced apoptosis in Kasumi-1 cells as shown by annexin V -FITC assays. Gene expression analysis by qPCR verified these outcomes, as the moringa leaf ethanol extract led to significant upregulation of proapoptotic gene caspase 8, whereas the MO-AgNPs caused a significant increase of proapoptotic protein BID. Conclusion: This study reveals that moringa ethanolic leaf extract and MO-AgNPs induced potent antiproliferative effects in Kasumi-1 cells by apoptosis.

Antiproliferative effects of dried Moringa oleifera leaf extract on human Wharton’s Jelly mesenchymal stem cells

“…Apigenin, a major compound identified in our MOL has been previously reported to have contributed to the inhibition of several different types of cancers via the overexpression of CDKN1A [ 97 , 98 ]. Furthermore, this IPA prediction is consistent with previous findings that showed Moringa was effective against various leukaemia cell lines [ 99 , 100 ].…”

Novel pyrrolopyrimidine derivatives: design, synthesis, molecular docking, molecular simulations and biological evaluations as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents

“…In this study, we examined the effect of 18 newly synthesised compounds against reactive oxygen species ( ROS ), using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl ( DPPH ) radical scavenging assay using a well-known antioxidant control drug butylated hydroxytoluene ( BHT ). BHT is a lipophilic organic compound frequently used antioxidant recognised as safe for use in foods, pharmaceuticals and different industries 49 , 59 . Three compounds (namely triazolo-pyrrolopyrimidines 3a, 4b, and arylidineaminopyrrolopyrimidine 8e) showed significant activity against the standard reference ( BHT ).…”

“…The cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) and supplemented with 1% pen/strep and 10% heat-inactivated foetal bovine serum. The cells were incubated, in a humidified incubator, in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 at 37 °C and were subculture twice before the experiment 49 .…”

“…Samples (stock) were dissolved in DMSO, and the working samples were prepared in the media. Cell viability was assessed by the mitochondrial dependent reduction of yellow MTT (3–(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) to purple formazan 49 .…”

Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles of Clinacanthus nutans as Antioxidant with Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Effects

“…It is evident that plant-derived AgNPs have the potential to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells [20,21]. Additionally, cytotoxicity of AgNPs has been reported to induce apoptosis of cancer cells through mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress leading to cell death [22,23]. e aim of this project is, therefore, to assess the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity properties of C. nutans-derived AgNPs that were previously synthesised [13].…”