<p>The Background of Calculating CAVI: Lesson from the Discrepancy Between CAVI and CAVI₀</p>

Abstract

Arterial stiffness is a good predictor of cardiovascular events. As a substitute for elastic modulus representing stiffness, pulse wave velocity (PWV) has been used for over a century as it is easy to measure; however, PWV is known to essentially depend on blood pressure at the time of measurement. The cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is a relatively new index of global arterial stiffness of the origin of the aorta to the ankle arteries. The characteristic feature is its independency from blood pressure at the measuring time. Recently, a variant index CAVI 0 was proposed, which was claimed to be a more accurate arterial stiffness index than CAVI, considering independency from blood pressure. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the properties of CAVI more precisely by comparing with CAVI 0 , and to confirm the true meaning of CAVI as an index of arterial stiffness. First, the properties of PWV depending on the blood pressure and the variation of PWV values in the cardiac cycle were analyzed. Then, we attempted to clarify the point at which the PWV, adopted in CAVI or in CAVI 0 , was measured in cardiac cycle. A comprehensive comparison of the clinical data of CAVI and CAVI 0 showed that CAVI is more appropriate than CAVI 0. In conclusion, CAVI is reconfirmed to be a reliable and useful index of blood pressureindependent arterial stiffness composed of both organic and functional stiffness.

Assessment of Arterial Stiffness Using the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index – What We Know and What We Strive for

“…Различия в этих показателях также были продемонстрированы в одномоментом исследовании на большой выборке, сравнивающем CAVI с CAVI0 [12]. CAVI был выше в группе больных артериальной гипертензией (АГ), чем в группе здоровых людей, как у мужчин, так и у женщин, тогда как CAVI0 был значительно ниже у женщин в возрасте 30 [8]. Кроме того, стоит отметить, что CAVI измеряет свойства аорты, бедренной артерии и большеберцовой артерии в целом.…”

“…CAVI широко использовался в клинической медицине в течение последних 15 лет в качестве индекса для оценки факторов риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (ССЗ) и сосудистой функции при различных ССЗ. Можно отметить, что удобство использования данного индекса в клинической практике позволило достичь расширения и углубления исследований по данной тематике, что отражено, в частности, в недавно опубликованных обзорах [7][8][9]. В них ставится вопрос о новых возможностях, появившихся при использовании CAVI для оценки сосудистой жесткости.…”

Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index in the Persons with Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes Mellitus in the Population Sample of the Russian Federation

“…In addition, there are some caveats to consider when evaluating the clinical significance of CAVI. It is worth noting that CAVI measures the properties of the aorta, femoral artery, and tibial artery in general [ 12 ]. The aorta is an elastic vessel, and the femoral artery and tibial artery are muscle vessels under the control of nerves.…”

“…It is now recognized that CAVI has several unique logistic and conceptual properties: first, ease of measurement (using blood pressure cuffs placed on both arms and ankles, and a microphone on the chest, without the need for sensors on the neck or in the groin) and operator independence; second, CAVI measures the stiffness of the entire aorta (including the ascending segment), femoral, popliteal, and tibial arteries, and measures the increase in arterial stiffness from end diastole to end systole; third, CAVI is less influenced by blood pressure during measurement compared to pulse wave velocity (PWV), since CAVI is based on the stiffness parameter β, which reflects the degree of pressure-volume ratio [ 10 ]. It can be noted that the convenience of using this index in clinical practice has made it possible to expand and deepen research on this topic, which is reflected, in particular, in recently published reviews [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins Lowering Effect of Sevelamer in Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Hyperphosphatemia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

“…ABI scores < 0.9 and 0.91–0.99 indicate peripheral arterial disease and borderline, respectively, while ABI at 1–1.4 and >1.4 are normal and non-compressible arteries, respectively [ 33 ]. CAVI scores < 8 and 8–9 are normal and are at risk for atherosclerosis, respectively, while CAVI > 9 indicates possible atherosclerosis [ 34 ]. Details regarding the data collection parameters are listed in Supplementary Table S1 .…”