<p>Tetramethylpyrazine attenuated bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells through regulating apoptosis, autophagy and oxidative damage</p>

Abstract

Background: Bupivacaine (BUP) acts as a local anesthetic, which is extensively used for clinical patients but could generate neurotoxicity in neurons. Tetramethylpyrazine (TET) exhibits strong neuron protective effects against neurotoxicity. Hence, we investigate the effect of TET on BUP-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. Methods: CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, Western blotting was used to examine Bax, Bcl-2, active caspase 3, LC3II, Beclin 1 and p-62 protein levels in cells. Moreover, ELISA assay was used to detect the levels of total glutathione (GS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in cells. Results: In this study, we found that TET attenuated the neurotoxicity of BUP on SH-SY5Y cells. Meanwhile, TET alleviated BUP-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cell via decreasing the expressions of active caspase-3 and Bax and increasing the expression of Bcl-2. In addition, monodansylcadaverine staining assay and Western blotting results confirmed that TET induced autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells via increasing the LC3II/I and Beclin 1 levels. Furthermore, TET attenuated BUP-induced oxidative damage in SH-SY5Y cells via upregulation of the levels of total GS and SOD and downregulation of the level of MDA. Interesting, the protective effects of TET against BUP-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells were reversed by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3MA). Conclusion: These data indicated that TET may play a neuroprotective role via inhibiting apoptosis and inducing autophagy in SH-SY5Y cells. Therefore, TET may be a potential agent for the treatment of human neurotoxicity induced by BUP.

Neuroprotective effects of urolithin A on H2O2-induced oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in SK-N-MC cells

“…The cell viability was evaluated using a CCK-8 assay [19]. CCK-8 is reduced by dehydrogenases in cells to give a yellowcolored product (formazan).…”

Neuroinflammatory In Vitro Cell Culture Models and the Potential Applications for Neurological Disorders

“…SH-SY5Y has been widely used as a research object of PD because it has a mechanism to synthesize DA (activate dopamineβ-hydroxylase) and NA (Xicoy et al, 2017). But not limited to this, it is also widely used in other areas of neurological disorders, including AD (de Medeiros et al, 2019), neurotoxicity (Wang et al, 2019), glutamate excitotoxicity (Vucicevic et al, 2020), ischemia (Cui et al, 2020) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (Giannini et al, 2020) and other diseases. However, SH-SY5Y retains the characteristics of cancer including the instability of the proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism because it is isolated from neuroblastoma derivatives.…”

Tetramethylpyrazine inhibits proliferation of colon cancer cells in vitro

“…The incidence of colon cancer is high in developed countries, reflecting a prevalence of risk factors, including an unhealthy diet and obesity[ 1 ]. Although patients with early stage colon cancer can be treated by surgical resection, due to a lack of characteristic clinical manifestations and colon cancer screening, many patients are at an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis[ 2 ]. Chemotherapy is a commonly used strategy for colon cancer treatment, as many patients have regional or distant spread at the time of diagnosis.…”