<p>Sad Music Modulates Pain Perception: An EEG Study</p>

Abstract

Background: Music has shown positive effects on pain management in previous studies. However, the relationship between musical emotional types and therapeutic effects remains unclear. To investigate this issue, this study tested three typical emotional types of music and discussed their neural mechanisms in relation to pain modulation. Subjects and Methods: In this experiment, 40 participants were exposed to cold pain under four conditions: listening to happy music, listening to neutral music, listening to sad music and no sound. EEG and pain thresholds were recorded. The participants were divided into the remission group and the nonremission group for analysis. Differences among conditions were quantified by the duration of exposure to the pain-inducing stimulus in the remission group. EEG data were obtained using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) and then correlated with the behavioral data. Results: We found that sad music had a significantly better effect on alleviating pain, as a result of brain oscillations in a higher beta band and the gamma band at the O2 and P4 electrodes. The comparison between the remission group and the nonremission group suggested that personality may affect music-induced analgesia, and dominance, liveliness and introvert and extrovert personality traits were associated with pain modulation by sad music. Additionally, in the network analysis, we compared brain networks under the three conditions and discussed the possible mechanisms underlying the better analgesic effect of sad music. Conclusion: Sad music may have a better effect on alleviating pain, and its neural mechanisms are also discussed. This work may help understand the effects of music on pain modulation, which also has potential value for clinical use.

Personality characteristics, music-listening, and well-being: a systematic and scoping review

“…Guo et al ( 2020 ) provide additional support for the idea that emotionally congruent music selection has a positive relationship with well-being. Researchers tested three typical emotional kinds of music (sad, neutral, and happy) and their effect on pain modulation, adding the possible influence of stable and transient personality traits.…”

“…Withdrawals and dropouts were either not present or not expected in the majority of studies (domain F). Table 1 details the quality assessment of the included studies (EPHPP model) (Fox & Moore, 2021 ; Guo et al ., 2020 ; Hall et al ., 2016 ; Hennessy et al ., 2021 ; Hilsdorf & Bullerjahn, 2021 ; Lyvers et al ., 2020 ; Thoma et al , 2012 ; Vuoskoski & Eerola, 2012 ).…”

The Effects of Sounds and Music on Cells and Organisms: A Promising and Developing Area of Research

“…Today, we are discovering the numerous effects it has on the brain and on organic functions. It is used in a care approach (music therapy) (Behzadmehr et al 2020, Billar et al 2020, Buglione et al 2020, Bulut et al 2020, Çelebi et al 2020, Chai et al 2020a, b, Cimen et al 2020, Chan et al 2020, Dai et al 2020, Ernberg et al 2020, Gamboa et al 2020, Garcia Guerra et al 2020, Giordano et al 2020, Gogoularadja and Bakshi 2020, Guo et al 2020, Howlin and Rooney 2020, Johnson and Elkins 2020, Köhler et al 2020, Pérez-Eizaguirre and Vergara-Moragues 2020, Polascik et al 2021, Saraogi et al 2020, Usui et al 2020, Dunbar et al 2021, Yang et al 2021), but its influence on well-being goes beyond the human being (Sambraus and Hecker 1985, Hurnik and Johnson 1997, Kenison 2016, Bowman et al 2017, González-Grajales et al 2019, Kemp 2020). In fact, many studies have described the various effects of music on different organisms (Lemarquis 2009, 2021, Dhungana et al 2018, Exbrayat and Brun 2019, Mayoud and Lemarquis 2019, Pulcrano and di Porzio 2021.…”

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“…Today, we are discovering the numerous effects it has on the brain and on organic functions. It is used in a care approach (music therapy) (Behzadmehr et al 2020, Billar et al 2020, Buglione et al 2020, Bulut et al 2020, Martin et al 2020, Çelebi et al 2020, Chai et al 2020a, b, Cimen et al 2020, Chan et al 2020, Dai et al 2020, Ernberg et al 2020, Gamboa et al 2020, Garcia Guerra et al 2020, Giordano et al 2020, Gogoularadja and Bakshi 2020, Guo et al 2020, Howlin and Rooney 2020, Johnson and Elkins 2020, Köhler et al 2020, Pérez-Eizaguirre and Vergara-Moragues 2020, Polascik et al 2021, Saraogi et al 2020, Usui et al 2020, Dunbar et al 2021, Yang et al 2021), but its influence on well-being goes beyond the human being (Sambraus and Hecker 1985, Hurnik and Johnson 1997, Kenison 2016, Bowman et al 2017, González-Grajales et al 2019, Kemp 2020). In fact, many studies have described the various effects of music on different organisms (Lemarquis 2009, Dhungana et al 2018, Exbrayat and Brun 2019, Mayoud and Lemarquis 2019, Pulcrano and di Porzio 2021.…”