<p>Review of the Application of Nanovesicles and the Human Interstitial Fluid in Gastrointestinal Premalignant Lesion Detection, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy</p>

Abstract

Premalignant lesions arise from cells that abnormally proliferate and have a tendency to become cancerous. Developing methods to specifically target and remove these premalignant lesions is imperative to the prevention of malignant progression into gastrointestinal (GI) tumors. However, accurate detection and diagnosis of GI precancerous lesions is challenging, as these lesions show little or no structural change. Thus, this prevents early intervention and reduces the success rate of therapy. In this review, we performed a systematic analysis of the technological advancements in the combined application of nanovesicles (NVs) and the human interstitial fluid (HIF) to specifically target GI premalignant lesions. NVs, which include quantum dots (QDs), are small membranous vehicles of a nanometer diameter that are widely used as drug delivery vectors, therapeutic effectors and diagnostic sensors. HIF is the fluid that is present in human interstitial tissues (HITs) in which signaling molecules and agents travel and can be found throughout the body. HIF is exploited by tumor cells for their invasion, migration and spread. Because the HITs span the entire submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, they have been increasingly targeted in GI tumor therapy. The challenges involved in the combined application of NVs and HIF in the detection, diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of GI premalignant lesions are also discussed.

Modern Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology in Diagnosis and Treatment of Malignant Tumors of Gastrointestinal Tract

“…The most typical tumors of this localization are esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), gastric cancer (GC), colorectal cancer (CRC), and peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) (Bray et al, 2018). It is these models are the base to develop new technologies for influencing GI tumors (Huang et al, 2019).…”

“…The appearance of precancerous lesions that result from abnormal cell growth indicates a precancerous condition with high risk to develop into tumors. These conditions include atrophic gastritis, chronic ulcerative colitis, various variants of epithelial metaplasia and dysplasia (Li et al, 2018b;Rentien et al, 2018;Huang et al, 2019).…”

“…Success in using NVs for precancerous and malignant GI diseases Both body-derived NPs and synthesized NVs are widely used in the detection, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of different GI tumors, especially in primary focal lesions. Figure 1 demonstrates the working classification of NVs (Huang et al, 2019) and variants with achieved success in GI malignant diseases using NVs.…”

The Therapeutic Potential of Novel Carnosine Formulations: Perspectives for Drug Development

“…Alternative and innovative approaches able to increase carnosine delivery include the use of vesicular (nanoliposomes, niosomes, and polymerosomes) and nanoparticulate systems. Nanovesicle systems are commonly used in the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of premalignant gastrointestinal tumors [ 23 ], while exosomes, cell-derived nanovesicles with a diameter ranging from 30 to 150 nm, have been considered in cancer therapy [ 24 ]. Niosomal formulations can be coupled to specific ligands able to be recognized by the BBB transporters [ 25 ].…”

<p>Supramolecular Vesicles Based on Amphiphilic Pillar[n]arenes for Smart Nano-Drug Delivery</p>

“…[1][2][3] In recent years, SDDs have garnered attention in the scientific community and the pharmaceutical industry. [4][5][6] Many nanocarriers are available for preparing SDDs, including nanoparticles, [7][8][9][10][11] micelles, [12][13][14] vesicles, [15][16][17] nanogels, 18 and quantum dots. 19,20 Among these nanocarriers, vesicles have been the most extensively studied because of their unique cavity structure and their ability to encapsulate and control the release of water-soluble or water-insoluble drugs in response to specific stimuli.…”