<p>Recent Advances in Nanotechnology-Aided Materials in Combating Microbial Resistance and Functioning as Antibiotics Substitutes</p>

Abstract

The ongoing escalation of drug-resistant bacteria creates the leading challenges for human health. Current predictions show that deaths due to bacterial illness will be more in comparison to cancer in 2050. Irrational use of antibiotics, prolonged regimen and using as a prophylactic treatment for various infections are leading cause of microbial resistance. It is an emerging approach to introduce evolving nanomaterials (NMs) as a base of antibacterial therapy to overcome the bacterial resistance pattern. NMs can implement several bactericidal ways and turn into a challenge for bacteria to survive and develop resistance against NMs. All the pathways depend on the surface chemistry, shape, core material and size of NMs. Because of these reasons, NMs based stuff shows a critical role in advancing the treatment efficiency by interacting with the cellular system of bacteria and functioned as an antibiotic substitute. We divided this review into two sections. The first part highlights the development of microbial resistance to antibiotics and their mechanisms. The second section details the NMs mechanisms to combat antibiotic resistance. In short, we try to summarize the advances in NMs role to deal with microbial resistance and giving solution as antibiotics substitute.

Bactericidal Properties of Rod-, Peanut-, and Star-Shaped Gold Nanoparticles Coated with Ceragenin CSA-131 against Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Strains

“…The Interagency Coordination Group (IACG) on antimicrobial resistance warns and highlights with great severity that drug-resistant diseases could trigger 10 million deaths each year by 2050 [ 3 ]. Moreover, recent predictions indicate that deaths on account of bacterial infections will be more numerous in comparison to the mortality due to cancer by 2050 [ 4 ]. Nowadays, more and more common diseases, including urinary or respiratory tract infections, are untreatable and pose a significant burden.…”

“…Nowadays, the successful treatment of SAB infections, especially those caused by MRSA, remains an unsolved challenge. MRSA is known as one of the most frequent MDR bacteria isolated in acute care hospitals, long-term care hospitals, and rehabilitation institutions [ 4 , 9 ]. It is estimated that in hospitals in the USA, approximately 50% of S. aureus strains are methicillin-resistant, and nearly 20,000 people died due to bloodstream infections caused by this pathogen in 2017 [ 4 ].…”

“…MRSA is known as one of the most frequent MDR bacteria isolated in acute care hospitals, long-term care hospitals, and rehabilitation institutions [ 4 , 9 ]. It is estimated that in hospitals in the USA, approximately 50% of S. aureus strains are methicillin-resistant, and nearly 20,000 people died due to bloodstream infections caused by this pathogen in 2017 [ 4 ]. In Europe, the proportion of MRSA isolates has dropped over time; however, 7 of the 30 European Union countries still report 25% or more of invasive S. aureus isolates as MRSA [ 7 , 10 ].…”

“…Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are promising candidates for addressing this crisis [ 20 ]. In general, a vast range of metal NPs have been synthesized, e.g., gold (Au), silver (Ag), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), or bismuth (Bi) [ 4 , 21 ]. Nonetheless, Au NPs have been highlighted as the best potential candidate for treating infectious diseases in view of the following properties.…”

Topical Nano Clove/Thyme Gel against Genetically Identified Clinical Skin Isolates: In Vivo Targeting Behavioral Alteration and IGF-1/pFOXO-1/PPAR γ Cues

“…Recently, the preparation of nanomaterials (NMs) represents an efficient strategy that implements a unique bactericidal activity that counters microbial resistance. Nitric oxide–releasing-NMs, chitosan-based-NMs, metallic-NMs, and multiple antibiotics loading-NM S are different nano-forms that play a critical role in interacting with the bacterial cellular system and serve as an antibiotic alternate [ 69 ]. Currently, there are limited studies that used nano-EOs to compete bacterial resistance [ 70 ].…”