<p>Prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralization in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA: a pilot study</p>

Abstract

Purpose: This pilot study investigated the prevalence of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in third-grade school children in Milwaukee Wisconsin, USA. Methods: A convenience sample of third-grade school children in the Milwaukee Public School System (MPS) participated in the study. Calibrated examiners trained on the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) MIH recommendations examined the children between December 1, 2014 and June 30, 2015. Children were examined at their schools using a flashlight and mirror after receiving consent from parents/caregivers and assent from each child. Findings were recorded onto a standardized form by one of five trained examiners. Summary statistics were calculated, and bivariate analysis were done to identify factors associated with MIH. Results: A total of 375 children (average age =8.66 years, range 7–12) were examined, 60% females and 41% Hispanics. Overall, 36 (9.6%) of the children demonstrated findings consistent with the diagnosis of MIH. Among the teeth with MIH defects, severe defects were higher in lower molars. There were no statistically significant differences between those with and without MIH by sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status in this study. Conclusion: The study revealed that 9.6% of the children examined were affected by MIH. Future studies should focus on statewide and/or nationwide surveys in the United States to ascertain the extent and severity of the condition.

Gene-environment interaction in molar-incisor hypomineralization

“…The evidence that MIH frequency varies across the world [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] is supported by the results found in the present study. The association found in the Turkish population was different from the results obtained in the cohorts from Brazil, which indeed indicates that genetic factors contributing to the MIH phenotype may vary depending on geographic origin.…”

“…Both MIH and clefts apparently have higher frequencies in the north of Europe and this frequency declines as one travels toward the Mediterranean [36,41]. Interestingly enough, these differences are not clearly seen for the figures from the Americas, with Brazil and the United States with reported frequencies of 10% to 13% [16,[19][20][21]. Additional evidence that interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) may interact, as previously suggested in the formation of cleft lip and palate [33], is also supported here as for the formation of MIH in the Turkish population.…”

“…These asymmetrical lesions affect the first permanent molars, usually with the permanent incisors [4], and more recently MIH has been reported to affect canines too [5]. Prevalence of MIH varies but has been consistently reported to range between 1% and 35% in all parts of the world, with most reported frequencies around 12% [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

Prevalence and Possible Etiological Factors of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH) in Population of Silesian Children in Poland: A Pilot Retrospective Cohort Study

“…Saber et al, in their research in Egypt, achieved an MIH level in their pediatric population of 2.3% [ 30 ]. Davenport et al, in pilot research conducted in the USA, assessed the frequency of prevalence of MIH at 9.6% [ 31 ]. Moreover, a significantly higher prevalence of MIH was observed by Wainuiomata (14.9%) [ 32 ] in India—13.12% [ 33 ], Dubai—27.2% [ 34 ], Saudi Arabia—15.2% [ 35 ], and Lebanon—26.7 % [ 36 ].…”

Prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation Among School Children aged 7-12 years in Tunis, Tunisia

“…This result accounts for the factors involved in the MIH pathology. As stated previously, the MIH causing factors act for a short period during amelogenesis, thus reducing the MIH defect [21][22][23][24].…”