<p>Physiological and Pathophysiological Roles of Ion Transporter-Mediated Metabolism in the Thyroid Gland and in Thyroid Cancer</p>

Abstract

Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine tumor and has shown an increasing annual incidence, especially among women. Patients with thyroid cancer have a good prognosis, with a high five-year survival rate; however, the recurrence rate and disease status of thyroid cancer remain a burden for patients, which compels us to further elucidate the pathogenesis of this disease. Recently, ion transporters have gradually become a hot topic in the field of thyroid gland biology and cancer research. Additionally, alterations in the metabolic state of tumor cells and protein molecules have gradually become the focus of scientific research. This review focuses on the progress in understanding the physiological and pathophysiological roles of ion transporter-mediated metabolism in both the thyroid gland and thyroid cancer. We also hope to shed light on new targets for the treatment and prognosis of thyroid cancer.

GLUT1 and ASCT2 Protein Expression in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients and Relation to Hepatitis C Virus: A Propensity-Score Matched Analysis

“…After entering the cell, the glutamine is converted into glutamate by the glutaminase enzyme, which is transported to the mitochondria and then converted into useful metabolic intermediates such as α-ketoglutarate, aspartate, alanine, among others, participating by this way in intracellular metabolic functions. 29 Using IHC for tissue microarray comprising 557 TC samples, Kim et al found that "ASCT2 was expressed in all TC tissues; however, the expression level was dissimilar in different types of TC samples". 26 Also, ASCT2 expression was associated with the degree of TC differentiation 28 and cancer invasion.…”

“…48 Wang and his colleagues concluded that ASCT2 expression in TC could be affected by a variety of factors, among which include gene mutations (eg BRAF, RAS, MYC) that cause changes in signaling pathways involved in ASCT2 expression. 29 In this sense, further studies uncovering the exact relation of ASCT2 with these genes in several types of TC and in variable populations are required.…”

“…25 Therapeutic blocking of this transporter has been reported to successfully inhibit cancer cell proliferation in several cancers, 24,26,27 and recently, it emerged as a hot topic for thyroid gland biology or cancer research. 28,29 In fact, few studies have focused on its role in TC, especially the PTC. 26,30 Previous studies have reported that about 38-76% of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients can develop extrahepatic manifestations with a high prevalence of certain types of cancer, not only hepatocellular carcinoma but also PTC.…”

Dynamic changes of serum miR-105-3p expression and prognostic value evaluation of postoperative thyroid cancer

“…The results showed that 47 patients had recurrence or metastasis 2 years after surgery, which was a poor prognosis; 53 patients had a good prognosis. Comparing the changes in serum miR-105-3p levels of postoperative patients, it was found that from 8 days after TC surgery, serum miR-105-3p levels can significantly distinguish between patients with poor prognosis and patients with good prognosis (Figure 3A), and during the 2-year follow-up period, the serum miR-105-3p level of patients with poor prognosis (29). With the gradual development of diagnosis and treatment methods, studies have found that the prognosis of TC is relatively good, but its postoperative evaluation of the prognosis still lacks specific non-invasive detection markers (19,30).…”