<p>Novel Clove Essential Oil Nanoemulgel Tailored by Taguchi’s Model and Scaffold-Based Nanofibers: Phytopharmaceuticals with Promising Potential as Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors in External Inflammation</p>

Abstract

Purpose: Clove essential oil is a phytochemical possessing a vast array of biological activities. Nevertheless, fabricating nano topical delivery systems targeted to augment the anti-inflammatory activity of the oil has not been investigated so far. Accordingly, in this study, controlled release nanoparticulate systems, namely nanoemulgel and nanofibers (NFs), of the oil were developed to achieve such goal. Methods: The nanoemulsion was incorporated in the hydrogel matrix of mixed biopolymerschitosan, guar gum and gum acaciato formulate nanoemulsion-based nanoemulgel. Taguchi's model was adopted to evaluate the effect of independently controlled parameters, namely, the concentration of chitosan (X 1), guar gum (X 2), and gum acacia (X 3) on different dependently measured parameters. Additionally, the nanoemulsion-based NFs were prepared by the electrospinning technique using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer. Extensive in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluations of the aforementioned formulae were conducted. Results: Both Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) established the complete dispersion of the nanoemulsion in the polymeric matrices of the prepared nanoemulgel and NFs. The ex vivo skin permeation data of clove essential oil from the prepared formulations showed that NFs can sustain its penetration through the skin comparably with nanoemulgel. Topical treatment with NFs (once application) and nanoemulgel (twice application) evoked a marvelous in vivo anti-inflammatory activity against croton oil-induced mouse skin inflammation model when compared with pure clove essential oil along with relatively higher efficacy of medicated NFs than that of medicated nanoemulgel. Such prominent anti-inflammatory activity was affirmed by histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Conclusion: These results indicated that nanoemulsion-based nanoemulgel and nanoemulsion-based NFs could be introduced to the phytomedicine field as promising topical delivery systems for effective treatment of inflammatory diseases instead of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs that possess adverse effects.

Formulation and Evaluation of a Clove Oil-Encapsulated Nanofiber Formulation for Effective Wound-Healing

“…One of the reasons for the encapsulation of essential oils is to improve the encapsulation efficiency of volatile components. Eugenol, the major component of clove oil, shows high volatility and poor water solubility [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. High loading of clove oil was earlier reported by Tonglairoum et al, in 2016 [ 13 ].…”

Towards a Bioactive Food Packaging: Poly(Lactic Acid) Surface Functionalized by Chitosan Coating Embedding Clove and Argan Oils

“…The vibration bands identified in the FTIR spectrum of clove essential oil are consistent with the presence of the compounds identified by gas chromatography and are mainly associated with the specific vibrations of the following functional groups: phenolic hydroxyl stretch (at 3520, 3450 cm −1 ), carbon-hydrogen stretching from aromatic moiety (2938 cm −1 ), carbonyl νC=O in eugenol acetate (1763 cm −1 ), aromatic carbon–carbon stretching (1510 cm −1 ), carbon-oxygen stretch from ether group (1264 cm −1 ) and alkene =C-H bending (1034 cm −1 ) [ 55 , 56 ].…”

Development of Coriandrum sativum Oil Nanoemulgel and Evaluation of Its Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity

“…The nanoemulgel enhances the penetration of the oil into the skin. When the oily particles leave the gel matrix intact with the skin and go into its layers, then the oily particles reach their targets in the body [ 13 , 14 ].…”