<p>Micronutrients Deficiency and Their Associations with Pregnancy Outcomes: A Review</p>

Abstract

Micronutrients are vitamins, minerals and trace elements that are used in minute doses as cofactors, antioxidants and modulators of gene transcription homeostasis. MMNs may have a role in averting or treating adverse pregnancy outcomes and maternal complications. In 2016, WHO suggested the use of iron-folic acid (IFA) rather than multiple micronutrients (MMNs) during pregnancy owing to some feared adverse outcomes like perinatal mortalities. However, this effect is debatable as such complications could be also due to genetic or environmental factors. Therefore, this appraisal should provide appropriate information and guidance to health workers, scholars and policymakers. This review includes large sample-sized studies with a special focus on developing countries like Ethiopia. The articles were selected using systematic searching with Boolean operators, advanced search techniques, snowballing and search limits. Mendeley was used as a reference management tool where the source of databases and references were PubMed, AJOL, Google Scholar, IRIS, Summon, DOAJ, Cochrane Library, Oxford Medicine Online, WHO reproductive health libraries majorly from the Hinari program. Articles from BMC, American Society for Nutrition, Lancet, Elsevier, John Wiley and Sons LTD, PLoS One, Springer and Nature Publishing Groups were also used. The results showed that there are no variations in adverse effects between MMNs and IFA. Moreover, MMNs are valuable in anemic pregnant women with lower preconception weight as it increases maternal weight and reduces low birth weight and anemia more than IFA. Therefore, MMNs may have greater health benefits than IFA for the offspring by minimizing fetal complications and the cost of their treatment, resulting from the MMN deficiency state.

A Systematic Review of Maternal Dietary Intake and its Association with Childhood Stunting

“…Moreover, Cheng (2019) found that MMS significantly improves communication, fine motor and problem-solving skills, and social behaviour at 36 months. A recent review concluded that MMS might have better health benefits than IFA for the babies and the mothers, 38 which contradicts the finding in a study conducted in Bangladesh. 17 MMS uses during pregnancy requires further research before a firm recommendation can be established.…”

Iodine application in Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ improve bioactive compounds and enzymatic activity in berries

“…Iodine is an element crucial for thyroid hormone biosynthesis in humans (Sorrenti 2 et al, 2021). I deficiency diseases are caused by unsatisfactory dietary intake (Walle et al, 2020) and associated with inadequate thyroid hormone synthesis produce negative effects on the human organism, such as reproductive failure, hearing loss, impaired growth, cretinism and numerous types of brain lesions (Wang et al, 2021). Iodization of table salt has been used to mitigate this situation; however, it is not sufficient to cover the entire daily requirement (90-250 µg) in the population (Sularz et al, 2020).…”

Impact of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption on Quality of Diet among Brazilian Pregnant Women Assisted in Primary Health Care

“…On the other hand, poor maternal diet, lacking in key nutrients, is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes such as maternal anemia, pre-eclampsia, hemorrhage, and increased risk of maternal mortality. It can also lead to stillbirth, inadequate birthweight, miscarriage, and fetal development complications [5]. Thus, it is fundamental to identify modifiable dietary risk factors related to such adverse outcomes of pregnancy.…”