<p>Methicillin-Resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (MRSA): One Health Perspective Approach to the Bacterium Epidemiology, Virulence Factors, Antibiotic-Resistance, and Zoonotic Impact</p>

Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major human pathogen and a historically emergent zoonotic pathogen with public health and veterinary importance. In humans, MRSA commonly causes severe infectious diseases, including food poisoning, pyogenic endocarditis, suppurative pneumonia, otitis media, osteomyelitis, and pyogenic infections of the skin, soft tissues. In the horse, MRSA could cause a localized purulent infection and botryomycosis; in cattle and ewe, localized pyogenic infection and severe acute mastitis with marked toxemia; in sheep, abscess disease resembles caseous lymphadenitis caused by anaerobic strains; in dogs and cats, pustular dermatitis and food poisoning; in pig, exudative epidermatitis "greasy pig disease; in birds, MRSA causes bumble-foot. The methicillin resistance could be determined by PCR-based detection of the mecA gene as well as resistance to cefoxitin. In Egypt, MRSA is one of the important occasions of subclinical and clinical bovine mastitis, and the prevalence of MRSA varies by geographical region. In this review, we are trying to illustrate variable data about the host susceptibility, diseases, epidemiology, virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, treatment, and control of MRSA infection.

The Antimicrobial Peptide Temporin G: Anti-Biofilm, Anti-Persister Activities, and Potentiator Effect of Tobramycin Efficacy Against Staphylococcus aureus

“…Furthermore, a large number of antibiotics are inactivated by enzymes present in the extracellular matrix, leading to failure of the antibiotic treatment [ 37 , 38 ]. Therefore, the search for alternative compounds to counteract S. aureus infections is in highly demand [ 39 , 40 ]. Temporins are a family of frog-skin AMPs whose various isoforms have already shown activity against Gram-positive bacteria [ 23 , 41 , 42 ].…”

Correlation Between Biofilm-Formation and the Antibiotic Resistant Phenotype in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates: A Laboratory-Based Study in Hungary and a Review of the Literature

“… 4 , 9 Since the 2000s, extensive research regarding livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) has been published, both due to its impact in veterinary medicine (for animal husbandry and for companion animals) and due to the possible relevance of animals as vectors for MRSA transmission. 10 The prevalence of MRSA infections shows large geographical differences: it is around 1–10% in Northern Europe, 15–30% in the United States, 40–50% in Southern and Eastern Europe, while it may exceed 80% in some parts of Asia. 11 Risk factors associated with acquiring an MRSA infection include advanced age (≥60 years), prolonged hospital stay, prior antimicrobial treatment and the use of nasogastric tubes or endovascular catheters.…”

Presence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on Healthcare Workers’ Attire: A Systematic Review

“…Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant pathogen both in healthcare and community settings, causing a variety of infections including bloodstream infections, endocarditis, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections and bone and joint infections [1]. Despite a decline in its prevalence in healthcare settings worldwide primarily due to targeted efforts in the field of infection control, MRSA continues to represent a significant burden to healthcare systems and patients [2], hence its inclusion in the World Health Organization list of high priority pathogens for research and development of new antibiotics.…”

“…Despite a decline in its prevalence in healthcare settings worldwide primarily due to targeted efforts in the field of infection control, MRSA continues to represent a significant burden to healthcare systems and patients [2], hence its inclusion in the World Health Organization list of high priority pathogens for research and development of new antibiotics. In additional to β-lactams, MRSA strains often exhibit resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes, such as fluoroquinolones, macrolides and tetracycline [1].…”