<p>Measurement of diabetes, prediabetes and their associated risk factors in Myanmar 2014</p>

Abstract

Background Myanmar, a low-income Southeast Asia country with an estimated population of 53.9 million, is currently facing an increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases. Research that systematically measures and reports the national prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes within Myanmar represents a gap in the literature. This study, a national survey, was conducted with the objectives of 1) measuring diabetic population, 2) measuring the prediabetic population, and 3) finding out the risk factors leading to diabetes and prediabetes in Myanmar. Method Multistage sampling was applied in proportional cluster approach to recruit a nationally representative sample of 8,575 participants from 52 townships selected to represent 332 townships across the country. The Ethical Committee of the Department of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar) approved the current study. Fasting plasma glucose and the level of glucose 2 hours after 75 g glucose load were applied, to screen for diabetes and prediabetes. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were carried out to investigate demographic and lifestyle behaviors. Stadiometer, weighing scale, measuring tape, and Omron blood pressure monitor measuring devices were used for the anthropometric measurements. Survey data analysis used STATA version 13 and application of descriptive statistics with multinomial logistic regression. Result Prevalence of diabetes in Myanmar was 10.8%: 11.5% in males and 9.2% in females. Overall prevalence of prediabetes was 19.7%: 16.5% in males and 23% in females. Increasing age, urban residence, big waist circumference, and high triglyceride level were significant factors associated with diabetes and prediabetes. Many people with diabetes were found to lack knowledge and awareness of diabetes. Conclusion Diabetes prevalence in Myanmar is high, and relatively higher than that reported in many Association of Southeast Asian Nations countries. The study findings call for urgent nationwide public health action in Myanmar such as screening people at risk of diabetes and prevention of the disease. The findings can also assist the health authority in Myanmar with the preparation and allocation of resources for diabetes prevention.

Prevalence of Diabetes, Prediabetes, and Associated Factors in an Adult Chinese Population: Baseline of a Prediabetes Cohort Study

“…Consistent with previous studies, subjects with an older age had a higher risk of DM in our study [ 14 – 16 ]. Participants with PDM were also older than the normal participants, but the difference was not statistically significant.…”

“…Similar to previous studies [ 14 , 18 , 29 , 30 ], higher systolic blood pressure was found to be associated with a higher risk of both DM and PDM in our study. The pathophysiological mechanisms that explain the association between hypertension and DM include high BP-induced microvascular dysfunction and altered endothelial dysfunction, which have been found to be independent predictors of type 2 diabetes [ 31 ].…”

Prevalence and correlates of pre-diabetes and diabetes among a national population based sample of adults in Zambia: Results of the first national STEPS survey in 2017

“…A diabetes-screening programme may be introduced, particularly targeting the older age high-risk groups. 26 Some studies found an association between psychosocial distress, such as suicidal behaviour, 15,16 stress 17,18 and passive smoking, 19 increased the likelihood of diabetes, while in this study only in unadjusted analysis alcohol family problem was associated with diabetes, while the stress of family member die from suicide, suicidal ideation and passive smoking were not signi cantly with prediabetes and/or diabetes.…”

Physical Activity of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients and Non-Diabetes Participants in Yangon, Myanmar: A Case-Control Study Applying the International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ-S)

“…12,13 The lack of PA is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality, despite the known hazards of being sedentary, PA levels continue to fall worldwide. 14 Such physical inactivity crisis is serious in Yangon, which is very urban but its city structure is incompletely urbanized un-favouring active transportation and PA.…”