<p>Level of Happiness and Its Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women in South Gondar Zone Hospitals, North Central Ethiopia</p>

Abstract

Background Happiness is the most indicator of good quality of life particularly for pregnant women. Reduced happiness of pregnant women can result in reduced maternal health services utilization and can result in adverse newborn and maternal outcomes. Assessing the level of happiness and its factors are important for pregnant women and the next generation. Hence, the current research paper aimed to assess the level of happiness and its associated factors among pregnant women who attended antenatal care follow-up in South Gondar Zone Hospitals. Methods Institution-based cross-sectional study was carried out from September 2018 to February 2019 among 1606 expectant pregnant women in the last 6 months. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) was used as a measure of the degree of happiness and used four as average person score. Besides, bivariate, multivariable logistic analyses were deployed to identify associations. Results A total of 1606 pregnant women were participating in this study. The prevalence of low level of pregnancy happiness in this study was 24% (95% CI: 20.7 −26.6). Mothers who exposed to unintended pregnancy (AOR; 1.94, CI 95% 1.86–4.52), reported intimate partner violence (AOR; 2.42, 95% CI 1.67–3.54) and being in the third trimester (AOR; 1.89 95% CI 1.19–3.01) were the most predictor variables with the low level of happiness. Conclusion Approximately one-fourth of the pregnant women had a low level of pregnancy happiness. Mothers who were exposed to unintended pregnancy encountered intimate partner violence, who were in the third trimester were the most significant variables associated with a low level of happiness. Governmental and non-governmental organizations work on women’s reproduction rights and the zonal health department with local health offices should educate on the prevention of intimate partner violence and unintended pregnancy and its consequences and also empower women to cope with changes and challenges of pregnancy and childbirth.

The Impact of Social Support and Pregnancy on Subjective Well-Being: A Systematic Review

“…These were grouped into the following: whether it measured the effect of pregnancy on the SWB of pregnant women, the effect of SS on the SWB of pregnant women, and whether an intervention or a qualitative approach was used. A total of 13 studies were included in the pregnancy itself (Lips, 1985 ; Drescher et al, 2003 ; Taşdemir et al, 2010 ; Ndombe et al, 2011 ; Aasheim et al, 2014 ; Chang et al, 2014 ; Malhotra et al, 2015 ; Türk et al, 2017 ; Farooq et al, 2018 ; Robinson et al, 2018 ; Ishfaq and Mushtaq, 2019 ; Branecka-Wozniak et al, 2020 ; Tesfa et al, 2020 ), 16 studies in SS (Giblin et al, 1987 ; Stevenson et al, 1999 ; Macleod and Weaver, 2003 ; Elsenbruch et al, 2007 ; Rokach, 2007 ; Emmanuel et al, 2012 ; Ngai and Ngu, 2013 ; Gebuza et al, 2014 ; Goodman et al, 2014 ; Calou et al, 2018 ; Gul et al, 2018 ; Nakamura et al, 2018 ; Pakseresht et al, 2019 ; Yu et al, 2020 ; MoghaddamHosseini et al, 2021 ), three interventions (Corno et al, 2018 ; Nazari et al, 2018 ; Hasanzadeh et al, 2020 ), and two qualitative studies (Cynthia Logsdon et al, 2005 ; Kazemi et al, 2017 ).…”

“…Sample sizes varied from n = 6 (Corno et al, 2018 ) to n = 67,355 (Ndombe et al, 2011 ). The age of participants ranged from 16 (Drescher et al, 2003 ) to over 40 years (Tesfa et al, 2020 ). The most common age group in the studies included adolescent pregnancies ( n = 8; 23.6%; Giblin et al, 1987 ; Stevenson et al, 1999 ; Drescher et al, 2003 ; Macleod and Weaver, 2003 ; Cynthia Logsdon et al, 2005 ; Taşdemir et al, 2010 ; Tesfa et al, 2020 ).…”

“…The age of participants ranged from 16 (Drescher et al, 2003 ) to over 40 years (Tesfa et al, 2020 ). The most common age group in the studies included adolescent pregnancies ( n = 8; 23.6%; Giblin et al, 1987 ; Stevenson et al, 1999 ; Drescher et al, 2003 ; Macleod and Weaver, 2003 ; Cynthia Logsdon et al, 2005 ; Taşdemir et al, 2010 ; Tesfa et al, 2020 ). Of the 20 studies which had mentioned education as a variable, in more than half of these studies ( n = 14, 70%), the population was mostly educated with a high school diploma or higher.…”

“…The odds of being unhappy (poor degree of happiness) among pregnant women were higher in their third trimesters (AOR; 1.89, 95% CI; 1.19, 3.01) than among women in their first trimesters. Unintended pregnancy and intimate relationship violence were two other indicators of a lower degree of happiness (Tesfa et al, 2020 ). According to Malhotra et al ( 2015 ), pregnant women living in joint families were happier than those living in nuclear households, with 75.8 and 71.2% reportedly experiencing contentment [contentment (75.8%) and ???…”

Prognostic risk score development to predict birth asphyxia using maternal and fetal characteristics in South Gondar zone hospitals, north West Ethiopia

“…This study was carried out among pregnant women those followed antenatal care in four Hospitals in the South Gondar zone (Debre Tabor, Nefas- Mewicha, Mekane Eyesus, and Addis Zemene) [ 27 ]. Based on 2019, South Gondar Zone report, this zone has a total population of 2, 609,824.…”