<p>Individual and Combined Components of Metabolic Syndrome with Chronic Kidney Disease in Individuals with Hypertension and/or Diabetes Mellitus Accompanied by Primary Health Care</p>

Abstract

Purpose: To identify the associations between MetS and its components and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a population with arterial hypertension (AH), or diabetes mellitus (DM) accompanied by the Primary Health Care (PHC). Patients and methods: A cross-sectional study with 788 individuals diagnosed with AH and/or DM followed by PHC of Viçosa, Brazil. Anthropometric, biochemical and clinical measures were performed for the diagnosis of MetS and CKD. MetS was identified using the NCEP-ATPIII criteria. CKD was identified by estimating the glomerular filtration rate using the CKD-EPI equation. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the chances of CKD associated with MetS and its components and specific combinations of components. Results: The prevalence of MetS reported in the population was 65.4%, that of hidden CKD was 15.4%. The prevalence of CKD among participants with MetS was 75.2%. The most prevalent component of MetS in the population was AH (96.7%). Elevated fasting blood glucose, central obesity, and reduced HDL-c were significantly associated with an increased chance of CKD (OR = 2.80, 95% CI 1.76-4.45, OR = 1.68, 95% CI, 05-2.71, OR = 1.61, CI 95% 1.03-2.50, respectively). For the multivariate adjustment, the participants with MetS were 2 times more likely to have CKD than those without MetS (OR = 2.07; 95% CI, 1.25-3.44). The combination of three components of MetS high blood pressure, abdominal obesity and elevated fasting blood glucose and the combination of four components of MetS high blood pressure, reduced HDL-c, high fasting blood glucose and abdominal obesity were associated with increased odds of CKD (OR = 2.67, CI 95% 1.70-4.20, OR = 2.50, CI 95% 1.55-4.02, respectively). Conclusion: MetS, as well as its individual or combined components were independently associated with CKD in the population with AH and/or DM accompanied by PHC.

Low-grade albuminuria and its relationship with cardiovascular disease risk in hypertensive and diabetic patients in primary health care

“…The data used in the present study stems from the project entitled: "Prevention of diseases and illnesses in patients with arterial hypertension in the context of Primary Health Care: chronic kidney disease in focus" [8]. This is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of hypertensive and/or diabetic individuals with no previous diagnosis of chronic kidney disease, receiving PHC in a city in the southeastern region of Brazil, carried out from August 2017 to April 2018.…”

Metabolic Syndrome Components and Chronic Kidney Disease in a Community Population Aged 40 Years and Older in Southern China: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…Components of MS, including HTG, HFPG and HBP, AO, and LHDL-C, were found to be associated with CKD, consistent with previous findings. 12 , 19–21 Non-communicable diseases such as obesity, 18 , 22 , 23 hypertensive disease 24–26 diabetes 27 , 28 and hyperuricemia 26 are also risk factors for CKD. It is unclear whether insulin resistance is an independent predictor of CKD mortality and cardiovascular complications.…”

“…However, the study included relatively young participants (aged 20 and over) while the present study is more meaningful for formulation of prevention and treatment measures for chronic non-communicable diseases among the middle-aged and elderly in Southern China. In a cross-sectional study of 788 patients diagnosed with hypertension or diabetes in Brazil, 12 MS was defined using NCEP-ATPIII standards. The results showed that MS and its single or combined components were independently associated with CKD and were highly consistent with the present results.…”

Low-grade albuminuria in adult and elderly individuals with diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension accompanied by Primary Health Care

“…The study is part of a larger project 7 , which followed the ethical precepts of Resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council, being approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Viçosa (Opinion: 1203. 173, CAAE: 47356115.3.…”