<p>From Primary Cell and Tissue Cultures to Aquatic Invertebrate Cell Lines: An Updated Overview</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Abstract

He is a member of the editorial board of the Invertebrate Survival Journal and the European Journal of Zoology, and is a founding member of the Italian Association of Developmental and Comparative Immunobiology (IADCI). His main research interests are the evolution of innate immunity and the study of the cellular and molecular basis of immune responses in marine invertebrates, with particular reference to the role of hemocytes/coelomocytes in immune defense and, more generally, in the stress response. Most of his studies were carried out using the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri as a model organism. His interest in stem cells is directly related to their role in hematopoiesis, as they assure the continuous renewal of the circulating immunocytes of marine invertebrates. He is the chair of the COST Action 16203 MARISTEM "Stem cells of marine/aquatic invertebrates: from basic research to innovative applications" that supported the publication of this book. He is the author or co-author of more than 130 peer-reviewed publications in scientific journals, co-editor of scientific books, including "Lessons in immunity: from singlecell organisms to mammals" (Elsevier, 2016), and guest editor of Special Issues, including: "Ancient immunity. phylogenetic emergence of recognition-defence mechanisms" (Biology (Basel), 2020-2021).Baruch (Buki) Rinkevich has been a professor and senior scientist at the

Improved Media Formulations for Primary Cell Cultures Derived from a Colonial Urochordate

“…The world’s oceans and seas host hundreds of thousands of animal species, primarily invertebrates, with many types of cells that exhibit a wide range of cellular potentialities [ 38 ] and offer endless applications. Yet, while numerous cell lines have been commonly derived from vertebrates and terrestrial invertebrate taxa, e.g., insects and arachnids, until just recently [ 8 ], all efforts to develop cell lines from marine invertebrates have failed, despite many attempts made on a wide range of species over the past decades [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 9 ]. However, to establish a sustainable pharmaceutical industry based on the “blue economy”, the most viable approach is (a) to cultivate cells under controlled conditions by creating widespread “cell factories”, still an unaccomplished objective, and (b) to scale up cell cultures from marine organisms in bioreactors.…”

“…Since the 1960s, over 500 peer-reviewed publications have been published on this topic, with the main focus being on six phyla, which are Porifera, Cnidaria, Crustacea, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Urochordata [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. However, until recently [ 8 ], not a single continuous cell line was established for any aquatic invertebrate taxon, as all efforts to obtain lasting proliferating cultures from marine invertebrates have inexplicably failed [ 1 , 2 , 9 ], despite the increasing demand of these cultures for a wide range of applications [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 10 , 11 ]. Further, it has been repeatedly shown that primary cultures of marine invertebrate cells cease dividing 24–72 h from onset [ 1 , 2 ].…”

“…Further, it has been repeatedly shown that primary cultures of marine invertebrate cells cease dividing 24–72 h from onset [ 1 , 2 ]. It is worth noting that a substantial number of unsuccessful attempts to establish primary cell cultures from marine invertebrates are not reported in the scientific literature, resulting in incomplete or fragmented knowledge of effective in vitro protocols [ 7 , 12 ], and researchers often end up revisiting unsuccessful methods and futile experimental protocols [ 1 , 2 ]. Considering the above discussion, a recent advancement in sponge cell culture has emphasized the significance of developing optimized nutrient media for the development of primary cell cultures [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], a research approach that has led to the succeeded establishment of long-lasting cultures from several sponge species [ 8 , 13 ].…”

Bacterial Microbiota of Ostreobium, the Coral-Isolated Chlorophyte Ectosymbiont, at Contrasted Salinities

“…Ostreobium strains were originally isolated from their coral host and propagated for 4.5 years with low doses of penicillin (100 U/mL) and streptomycin (100 µg/mL) antibiotics to prevent overgrowth by opportunistic bacteria [ 7 ]. Although routinely used in animal cell cultures, these generic antibiotics are known to be inefficient against most native marine bacteria [ 37 ]. Indeed, bacterial fatty acid markers were consistently detected within chloroform extracts of these strains [ 7 ].…”

Bacterial microbiota ofOstreobium, the coral-isolated chlorophyte ectosymbiont, at contrasted salinities

“…Originally isolated from their coral host in the presence of low doses of penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 µg/mL) antibiotics, they were propagated for 4.5 years, with penicillin and streptomycin (Massé et al ., 2020) to prevent overgrowth by opportunistic bacteria. Although routinely used in animal cell culture, these generic antibiotics are known to be not efficient against most native marine bacteria (Domart-Coulon and Blanchoud, 2022). And, indeed, bacterial fatty acid markers were consistently detected within chloroform extracts of these strains (Massé et al ., 2020).…”