&lt;p&gt;Equine viral encephalitis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies&lt;/p&gt;

Barba, Marta; Fairbanks, Emma L.; Daly, Janet M.

doi:10.2147/vmrr.s168227

Cited by 24 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 123 publications

(107 reference statements)

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“…Finally, the titers of the IgM antibody, mediated by the virus, were highly elevated (21). Despite the success of these studies, and the fact that VEEV continues to plague certain regions (24)(25)(26), no studies known to the present authors have been performed to determine whether melatonin would be an effective treatment of VEEV in equine or human species.…”

Section: Melatonin/virus Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…A group of South American scientists (21)(22)(23) tested the utility of melatonin as a preventative molecule against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV). This group had ample reason to examine this association since VEEV is a common mosquito-borne organism which is pathological to not only equine species but to humans as well (24) and it has infected thousands of humans and domestic equine species in northern South America especially (25). Using a mouse model of the disease, Bonilla and colleagues (21)(22)(23) found that melatonin, in three individual studies, delayed the development of VEEV disease, deferred the time of death, reduced the viral load in both the central nervous system and in the blood and lowered neural apoptosis and lipoperoxide concentrations as well as the mortality of the infected mice.…”

Section: Melatonin/virus Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatment of ebola and other infectious diseases: melatonin “goes viral”

Reíter

Sharma

2020

Melatonin Res.

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This review summarizes published reports on the utility of melatonin as a treatment for virus-mediated diseases. Of special note are the data related to the role of melatonin in influencing Ebola virus disease. This infection and deadly condition has no effective treatment and the published works documenting the ability of melatonin to attenuate the severity of viral infections generally and Ebola infection specifically are considered. The capacity of melatonin to prevent one of the major complications of an Ebola infection, i.e., the hemorrhagic shock syndrome, which often contributes to the high mortality rate, is noteworthy. Considering the high safety profile of melatonin, the fact that it is easily produced, inexpensive and can be self-administered makes it an attractive potential treatment for Ebola virus pathology.

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Section: Melatonin/virus Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Melatonin/virus Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of ebola and other infectious diseases: melatonin “goes viral”

Reíter

Sharma

2020

Melatonin Res.

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“…However, most flaviviruses are antigenically related, which results in cross-reactivity between them, especially the SLEV, JEV, and WNV, which makes serological diagnosis more difficult [117,121]. It is often necessary to use additional confirmatory tests, especially in certain regions where there is co-circulation of those related viruses, with viral neutralization tests and plaque reduction tests (PRNT) being the most specific [119,122]. RT-PCR-based techniques can be used for direct detection of the virus and are highly specific.…”

Section: Flaviviral Encephalitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…WNV infections, for example, have a single viremic phase of 4 to 6 days in horses. Therefore, due to the possibility of false-negative results by PCR, confirmation by serological tests is necessary, usually ELISAs for anti-viral IgM are used for this purpose [118,122].…”

Section: Flaviviral Encephalitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Diseases that Affect Donkeys and Mules

Câmara

Bueno

Resende

et al. 2020

Animals

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Donkeys (Equus asinus) and mules represent approximately 50% of the entire domestic equine herd in the world and play an essential role in the lives of thousands of people, primarily in developing countries. Despite their importance, donkeys are currently a neglected and threatened species due to abandonment, indiscriminate slaughter, and a lack of proper sanitary management. Specific knowledge about infectious viral diseases that affect this group of Equidae is still limited. In many cases, donkeys and mules are treated like horses, with the physiological differences between these species usually not taken into account. Most infectious diseases that affect the Equidae family are exclusive to the family, and they have a tremendous economic impact on the equine industry. However, some viruses may cross the species barrier and affect humans, representing an imminent risk to public health. Nevertheless, even with such importance, most studies are conducted on horses (Equus caballus), and there is little comparative information on infection in donkeys and mules. Therefore, the objective of this article is to provide a brief update on viruses that affect donkeys and mules, thereby compromising their performance and well-being. These diseases may put them at risk of extinction in some parts of the world due to neglect and the precarious conditions they live in and may ultimately endanger other species’ health and humans.

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“…Beyond these considerations, horses share a susceptibility as accidental hosts for multiple anthropozoonotic pathogens that affect the nervous system, such as Hendra and Nipah virus (HeV, NiV), West Nile virus (WNV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Ilheus virus (ILHV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), Powassan virus (POWV), tick borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), Rabies virus (RV), and Borna disease virus-1 (BoDV-1) (Richt et al, 2000;Furr and Reed, 2007c;Carrera et al, 2018;Kumar et al, 2018;Barba et al, 2019;Liesche et al, 2019). Therefore, the horse serves as an indicator species for regional risk of infection and sometimes mirrors similar brain pathologies upon contagion as human patients (David and Abraham, 2016;Kumar et al, 2018;Liesche et al, 2019;Niller et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Approach to Dissection of the Equine Brain–Evaluation of a Species-Adapted Protocol for Beginners and Experts

et al. 2020

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Introduction of new imaging modalities for the equine brain have refocused attention on the horse as a natural model for ethological, neuroanatomical, and neuroscientific investigations. As opposed to imaging studies, strategies for equine neurodissection still lack a structured approach, standardization and reproducibility. In contrast to other species, where adapted protocols for sampling have been published, no comparable guideline is currently available for equids. Hence, we developed a species-specific slice protocol for whole brain vs. hemispheric dissection and tested its applicability and practicability in the field, as well as its neuroanatomical accuracy and reproducibility. Dissection steps are concisely described and depicted by schematic illustrations, photographs and instructional videos. Care was taken to show the brain in relation to the raters' hands, cutting devices and bench surface. Guidance is based on a minimum of external anatomical landmarks followed by geometric instructions that led to procurement of 14 targeted slabs. The protocol was performed on 55 formalin-fixed brains by three groups of investigators with different neuroanatomical skills. Validation of brain dissection outcomes addressed the aptitude of slabs for neuroanatomical studies as opposed to simplified routine diagnostic purposes. Across all raters, as much as 95.2% of slabs were appropriate for neuroanatomical studies, and 100% of slabs qualified for a routine diagnostic setting. Neither autolysis nor subfixation significantly affected neuroanatomical accuracy score, while a significant negative effect was observed with brain extraction artifacts. Procedure times ranged from 14 to 66 min and reached a mean duration of 23.25 ± 7.93 min in the last of five trials in inexperienced raters vs. 16 ± 2.83 min in experts, while acceleration of the dissection did not negatively impact neuroanatomical accuracy. This protocol, derived analogously to the consensus report of the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force in dogs and cats, allows for systematic, quick and easy dissection of the equine brain, even for inexperienced investigators. Obtained slabs feature virtually all functional subcompartments at suitable planes for both diagnostic and neuroscientific investigations and complement the data obtained from imaging studies. The instructive protocol and brain dissection videos are available in Supplementary Material.

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<p>Equine viral encephalitis: prevalence, impact, and management strategies</p>

Cited by 24 publications

References 123 publications

Treatment of ebola and other infectious diseases: melatonin “goes viral”

Treatment of ebola and other infectious diseases: melatonin “goes viral”

Viral Diseases that Affect Donkeys and Mules

A Systematic Approach to Dissection of the Equine Brain–Evaluation of a Species-Adapted Protocol for Beginners and Experts

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