<p>Epidemiological characteristics of and risk factors for breast cancer in the world</p>

Abstract

Aim Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and one of the most important causes of death among them. This review aimed to investigate the incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer and to identify the risk factors for breast cancer in the world. Materials and methods A search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases without any time restrictions. The search keywords included the following terms: breast cancer, risk factors, incidence, and mortality and a combination of these terms. Studies published in English that referred to various aspects of breast cancer including epidemiology and risk factors were included in the study. Overall, 142 articles published in English were included in the study. Results Based on the published studies, the incidence rate of breast cancer varies greatly with race and ethnicity and is higher in developed countries. Results of this study show that mortality rate of breast cancer is higher in less developed regions. The findings of this study demonstrated that various risk factors including demographic, reproductive, hormonal, hereditary, breast related, and lifestyle contribute to the incidence of breast cancer. Conclusion The results of this study indicated that incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer is rising, so design and implementation of screening programs and the control of risk factors seem essential.

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“…However, this subject remains debatable and not all studies report age being a negative prognostic factor [10,15]. Nulliparity is a known risk factor for breast cancer development [16]. However, in our study: Twenty-seven patients (61.4%) were multiparous, while seventeen patients (38.6%) were nulliparous; findings comparable to those disclosed by O. Farouk et al declaring that 14.3% of women having breast malignancy below the age of 35 were single [11].…”

Identification of exosomal miR-455-5p and miR-1255a as therapeutic targets for breast cancer

“…Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of oncological mortality for women [1,2], with an estimated 271,270 new cases and 42,260 cases of deaths in the U.S.A. in 2019 [1]. Although diagnostic methods and therapeutic strategies have been improved, poor prognosis is still present in approximately 30% of patients due to recurrence and metastasis [3,4].…”

Immunoinformatic design of multi epitopes peptide-based universal cancer vaccine using matrix metalloproteinase-9 protein as a target

“…(10) Breast cancer is the most common site of cancer in women worldwide. (11) Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in both men and women while colorectal is the third most common type cancer in both sexes. (12)…”