<p>Emerging Antineoplastic Biogenic Gold Nanomaterials for Breast Cancer Therapeutics: A Systematic Review</p>

Abstract

Breast cancer remains as a concerning global health issue, being the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the United States (US) in 2019. Therefore, there is an urgent and substantial need to explore novel strategies to combat breast cancer. A potential solution may come from the use of cancer nanotechnology, an innovative field of study which investigates the potential of nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis, therapy, and theranostic applications. Consequently, the theranostic functionality of cancer nanotechnology has been gaining much attention between scientists during the past few years and is growing exponentially. The use of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has been explored as an efficient mechanism for the treatment of breast cancer. The present study supposed a global systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of biogenic AuNPs for the treatment of breast cancer and their anticancer molecular mechanisms through in vitro studies. Online electronic databases, including Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, ProQuest, and Embase, were searched for the articles published up to July 16, 2019. Our findings revealed that plant-mediated synthesis was the most common approach for the generation of AuNPs. Most of the studies reported spherical or nearly spherical-shaped AuNPs with a mean diameter less than 100 nm in size. A significantly larger cytotoxicity was observed when the biogenic AuNPs were tested towards breast cancer cells compared to healthy cells. Moreover, biogenic AuNPs demonstrated significant synergistic activity in combination with other anticancer drugs through in vitro studies. Although we provided strong and comprehensive preliminary in vitro data, further in vivo investigations are required to show the reliability and efficacy of these NPs in animal models.

The Breast Cancer Stem Cells Traits and Drug Resistance

“…Recently, biologically and chemically synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) (Virmani et al, 2019), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (Muthupandian et al, 2019) and selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) (Vahidi et al, 2020) have attracted significant attention for their anticancer effects against cancers such as lung cancer, colorectal Cancer (Barabadi et al, 2020a), cervical cancer (Barabadi et al, 2020b) and prostate cancer (Barabadi et al, 2019a). Fortunately, AuNPs (Barabadi et al, 2019b) and AgNPs (Saravanan et al, 2020) have also been reported to play an important role in the treatment of BC. With the development of cancer nanomedicine, it is expected that biologically and chemically synthesized NPs may emerge as potential BCSCs therapeutic agents alone or in combination with anti-cancer drugs before long of future.…”

Marine Animal-Derived Compounds and Autophagy Modulation in Breast Cancer Cells

“…In 2020, the World Health Organization reported the occurrence of 2.3 million women diagnosed with breast tumors and 685,000 deaths globally, thereby confirming that this neoplastic histotype has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed one and represents the world's most prevalent neoplasia [89,90]. Since the currently available treatments are not fully working with most breast cancer patients, the procurement of alternative prevention or therapeutic agents appears to be imperative, including nanomaterials [91,92] to improve both medication and the quality of life of patients.…”

Green nanomedicine: the path to the next generation of nanomaterials for diagnosing brain tumors and therapeutics?

“…For example, in the case of CNS disorders, which can lead to an alteration of BBB permeability, nanocarriers can enhance drug delivery into the brain [52]. Nanocarriers are also very useful to boost the performance of imaging techniques for the in vivo diagnosis of brain tumors [53][54][55][56][57][58]. Liposomes, lipid NPs, nanofibers, dendrimers, nanoemulsions, polymeric micelles, and inorganic NPs have all been extensively exploited to cure brain tumors as nanoplatforms.…”