<p>Carotid Artery Stiffness in Metabolic Syndrome: Sex Differences</p>

Abstract

Introduction: The effect of metabolic syndrome (MS) on carotid stiffness (CS) in the context of gender is under research. Objective: We examined the relationship between the MS and CS in men (M) and women (W) and investigated if the impact of cardiovascular risk factors on CS is modulated by gender. Patients and Methods: The study included 419 subjects (mean age 54.3 years): 215 (51%) with MS (109 W and 106 M) and 204 (49%) without MS (98 W and 106 M). Carotid intimamedia thickness (IMT) and CS parameters (beta stiffness index (beta), Peterson's elastic modulus (Ep), arterial compliance (AC) and one-point pulse wave velocity (PWV-beta)) were measured with the echo-tracking (eT) system. Results: ANCOVA demonstrated that MS was associated with elevated CS indices (p = 0.003 for beta and 0.025 for PWV-beta), although further sex-specific analysis revealed that this relationship was significant only in W (p = 0.021 for beta). Age was associated with CS in both M and W, pulse pressure (PP) and body mass index turned out to be determinants of CS solely in W, while the effect of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate was more pronounced in M. MANOVA performed in subjects with MS revealed that age and diabetes mellitus type 2 were determinants of CS in both sexes, diastolic blood pressure and MAPsolely in M and systolic blood pressure, PP and waist circumference-solely in W (the relationship between the waist circumference and AC was paradoxical). Conclusion: The relationship between MS and CS is stronger in W than in M. In subjects with MS, various components of arterial pressure exert different sex-specific effects on CSwith the impact of the pulsative component of arterial pressure (PP) observed in W and the impact of the steady component (MAP) observed in M.

Serum Level of Lactate Dehydrogenase is Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Risk as Determined by the Framingham Risk Score and Arterial Stiffness in a Health-Examined Population in China

“…Models of arterial stiffness (AS) and 10-year cardiovascular risk (CVD10) are used widely to assess the likelihood of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and to provide evidence for CVD prevention. [1][2][3] The AS degree can be assessed using brachialankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). CVD10 can be calculated using the Framingham CVD Risk score.…”

Sztywność tętnicza w zespole metabolicznym: różnice płci, konsekwencje kliniczne, jak zapobiegać?

“…An association between the echo-tracking determined parameters of local stiffness and PP was also found in women with MS. Meanwhile, in men with this condition, the measures of local stiffness correlated with MAP [26].…”

“…Individual components of MS also had a greater contribution to arterial stiffening in males than in female patients in another European population, participants of the MARK trial. These discrepancies might at least in part result from differences in the characteristics of studied populations and methods used to assess arterial stiffness [16,18,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. (Table 1).…”

Carotid Atherosclerosis, Ultrasound and Lipoproteins

“…Carotid stiffness is elevated in children and women with metabolic syndrome [ 90 , 91 ]. Metabolic syndrome is meant as a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors (obesity, hyperglycemia with insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of HDL-C and hypertension) whose simultaneous presence dramatically increases the incidence of cardiovascular disease and complications [ 92 , 93 ].…”