<p>Biomarkers for Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Utility</p>

Abstract

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and highly aggressive subtype of advanced breast cancer. The aggressive behavior, resistance to chemotherapy, angiogenesis, and high metastatic potential are key intrinsic characteristics of IBC caused by many specific factors. Pathogenesis and behavior of IBC are closely related to tumor surrounding inflammatory and immune cells, blood vessels, and extracellular matrix, which are all components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The tumor microenvironment has a crucial role in the local immune r09esponse. The communication between intrinsic and extrinsic components of IBC and the abundance of cytokines and chemokines in the TME strongly contribute to the aggressiveness and high angiogenic potential of this tumor. Critical modes of interaction are cytokine-mediated communication and direct intercellular contact between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment with a variety of pathway crosstalk. This review aimed to summarize current knowledge of predictive and prognostic biomarkers in IBC.

Small extracellular vesicle-encapsulated miR-181b-5p, miR-222-3p and let-7a-5p: Next generation plasma biopsy-based diagnostic biomarkers for inflammatory breast cancer

“…It is a relatively infrequent aggressive form of cancer that grows within the dermal lymphatics of breast tissue. It accounts for 1 to 6% of breast cancer in western countries, while its incidence is as high as 10% within the middle East [ 2 , 3 ]. Based on clinical statements, one-third of the affected breast is commonly associated with erythema, edema (orange-peel appearance) and warmness [ 2 ].…”

“…It accounts for 1 to 6% of breast cancer in western countries, while its incidence is as high as 10% within the middle East [ 2 , 3 ]. Based on clinical statements, one-third of the affected breast is commonly associated with erythema, edema (orange-peel appearance) and warmness [ 2 ]. The 5- year overall survival rate of IBC is 55% shorter than that of non-inflammatory breast cancer (non-IBC), with a median survival of 2.9 to 3.8 years[ 4 , 5 ].…”

What is the best systemic treatment for newly diagnosed inflammatory breast cancer?—a narrative review

“…What is the best systemic treatment for newly diagnosed inflammatory breast cancer? A narrative review Tumor -associated macrophages (TAMs) isolated from TME of IBC patients (especially M2 TAMs) produce several cytokines that promote progression and invasion of IBC cells (9,10). Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes also play an essential role in predictive chemotherapy response (9,10).…”

“…Pathological analysis of IBC also shows the hypervascularity, around four times higher than non-IBC vascularity (8). This is consisted with that IBC has higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D), which is an angiogenesis marker (9,10). Several studies reported the different higher mutations in gene expression between IBC and non-IBC, e.g., MYC, PIK3CA, ERBB2 and p53 mutation (11)(12)(13).…”

“…Several studies reported the different higher mutations in gene expression between IBC and non-IBC, e.g., MYC, PIK3CA, ERBB2 and p53 mutation (11)(12)(13). However, all of them have not been able to identified as a specific mutation for IBC (10). Recently, the tumor microenvironment (TME) of IBC has been investigated and may play a crucial role in aggressiveness of IBC.…”