<p>Bacteriophages, a New Therapeutic Solution for Inhibiting Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Causing Wound Infection: Lesson from Animal Models and Clinical Trials</p>

Abstract

Wound infection kills a large number of patients worldwide each year. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most important colonizing pathogens of wounds that, with various virulence factors and impaired immune system, causes extensive tissue damage and nonhealing wounds. Furthermore, the septicemia caused by these pathogens increases the mortality rate due to wound infections. Because of the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in recent years, the use of antibiotics to inhibit these pathogens has been restricted, and the topical application of antibiotics in wound infections increases antibiotic resistance. Therefore, finding a new therapeutic strategy against wound infections is so essential since these infections have a destructive effect on the patient's mental health and high medical costs. In this review, we discussed the use of phages for the prevention of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, causing wound infection and their role in wound healing in animal models and clinical trials. The results showed that phages have a high ability to inhibit different wound infections caused by MDR bacteria, heal the wound faster, have lower side effects and toxicity, destroy bacterial biofilm, and they are useful in controlling immune responses. Many studies have used animal models to evaluate the function of phages, and this study appears to have a positive impact on the use of phages in clinical practice and the development of a new therapeutic approach to control wound infections, although there are still many limitations.

Investigation into antibacterial and wound healing properties of platelets lysate against Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae burn wound infections

“…Furthermore, systemic antibiotics therapy may not be able to prevent wound infection due to different factors like necrosis, granulation tissue, limited peripheral blood supply, and fibrosis that inhibit the penetration of antibiotics into the burned tissues. Therefore, topical use of antibacterial agents can be effective in controlling burn wound infection [ 14 , 19 , 25 ]. In this context, in the present study, F-PdB was used for the inhibition of A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae burn wound infection.…”

Bacteriophages as Anti-Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Agents

“…In 2008, one study evaluated the potential use of phages to eliminate or reduce nasal colonization by S. aureus, concluding that decolonization may be beneficial for certain patient groups, and phages were able to effectively combat induced infections in animal experiments [45]. A recent review concluded that phages are effective as topical antimicrobials against S. aureus, being able to combat MRSA in skin infections regardless of whether they are used with or without combination to topical antibiotics [46]. In addition to the phage itself being used as an antimicrobial agent, its products, such as lytic enzymes (endolysins), are also the subject of investigation.…”

Bacteriophage therapy for inhibition of multi drug‐resistant uropathogenic bacteria: a narrative review

“…Noteworthy, phage therapy can be divided into two categories: monophage and polyphage therapy. Two or more phages mix and they cover various bacterial hosts in a single product as a phage cocktail which is typically more effective in interfering in bacterial infections [ 18 , 19 ].…”