<p>Bacterial Natural Compounds with Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties (Mini Review)</p>

Abstract

Inflammation is part of the body’s complex biological response to harmful stimuli such as damaged cells, pathogens, or irritants. It is a protective response involving blood cells, immune cells, and molecular mediators. The inflammation not only can eliminate the primary cause of cell injury but also clears out necrotic cells, tissue damaged from the original insults and inflammatory process. Furthermore, it can initiate tissue repair. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced predominantly by activated macrophages and are involved in the up-regulation of inflammatory reactions. They are involved in further regulating inflammatory reactions. There is ample evidence that some pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), are involved in the pathological pain process. Some of the natural compounds promote cytokines production and inhibit inflammatory responses. The natural compounds which are produced from microorganisms such as omega-3 fatty acid, cyclic peptide, antimicrobial peptide, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides can reduce inflammation and could be easily incorporated into the diet without any adverse effects. For example, SCFA (short-chain fatty acids), peptide bacteriocin, and polycyclic peptide bacteriocin (nisin) could be used in the treatment of atherosclerosis, orthopedic postoperative infections, and mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, respectively. Also, fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated fatty acids) can be introduced as anti-inflammatory drugs. This review article summarizes bacterial natural compounds with modulating effects on cytokines that are surveyed which may have potential anti-inflammatory drug-like activity.

Antiproliferative Activity of Stokesia laevis Ethanolic Extract in Combination with Several Food-Related Bioactive Compounds; In Vitro (Caco-2) and In Silico Docking (TNKS1 and TNKS2) Studies

“…Proving these, in vitro pharmacological studies on the volatile oils (EOs) extracted from the aerial part of lavender species (Lavandula hybrid Rev., Lavandula latifolia Medikus., Lavandula vera D.C. and Lavandula angustifolia Miller cultivated in Bulgaria), MTS test on Caco-2 cells and Caco-2 cell morphology analysis by electron microscopy before and after the treatment with EOs, respectively, both experiments have been confirmed to have augmented cytotoxic effects of EOs on the colon cancer, and at the same time better effectiveness of EOs in comparison with the separate constituents (e.g., linalool and 1,8-cineole), explained by their synergistic and more selective effect [60]. There were also revealed antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of EOs from lavender species, which are very usefully in managing intestinal diseases in humans [60,61].…”

In Vitro Assessment of Antistaphylococci, Antitumor, Immunological and Structural Characterization of Acidic Bioactive Exopolysaccharides from Marine Bacillus cereus Isolated from Saudi Arabia

“…Furthermore, it is thought that exopolysaccharide's principal effect is to modulate cytokines and their related transcription factors [62]. TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6, which are proinflammatory cytokines, and IL-10, which is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, are the primary mediators of these natural products' effects [63].…”

Naringenin, a Flavonoid, Modulates Gut Microbiome and Ameliorates Hormone Levels to Improve Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Letrozole-induced Rats&nbsp;

“…Several studies have demonstrated that various bene ts of probiotics to the host have been shown in numerous human clinical trials, the role of these organisms is to improve the balance of the intestinal ora and increase the production of short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs), which can directly or indirectly play the role of anti-in ammatory, protect the intestinal barrier function, regulate human metabolism and immunity [39][40][41]. Especially, (SCFAs) play an important role in the treatment of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes and other metabolic diseases [42].As well as study showed that SCFAs can improve intestinal health by promoting the increase of intestinal barrier function and reducing the translocation of bacterial endotoxins on the intestinal wall, this is one of the reasons it reduces in ammation and improves insulin resistance [43].…”