&lt;p&gt;Assessment of tear film in subjects with a high body mass index&lt;/p&gt;

Alanazi, Saud A.

doi:10.2147/opto.s218109

Cited by 8 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Our results are consistent with other dry eye diagnostic tests in subjects with a high BMI 35 . For example, the TBUT and tear ferning (TF) tests show that people with a high BMI have low-quality tears compared to the control group.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Evaluation of Tear Evaporation Rate in Subjects with a High Body Mass Index

Abusharha

El‐Hiti

Alharbi

et al. 2022

Klin Monbl Augenheilkd

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Aim This study evaluated the tear evaporation rate (TER) in subjects with a high body mass index (BMI) and tested the correlation between BMI and dry eye. Methods Thirty male subjects aged 18 – 38 years (26.4 ± 4.0 years) with a high BMI (26.4 – 47.0 kg/m2) were enrolled in the study. In addition, a control group of 30 males aged 20 – 36 years (24.0 ± 3.6 years) with a normal BMI (< 25 kg/m2) participated in the study for comparison. Each subject completed the ocular surface disease index (OSDI), followed by the TER measurement using a handheld VapoMeter. Results Significant differences (Wilcoxon test; p = 0.002 and 0.001) were found between the median scores of the OSDI (10.3 [3.7] vs. 5.9 [7.2]) and TER (35.5 [13.1] vs. 15.5 [12.8] g/m2 h) in the study and control groups, respectively. The OSDI indicated dry eye in 60.0% of subjects in the study group (n = 18). The TER measurements showed that 76.7% of subjects in the study group (n = 23) had dry eyes. A medium correlation (r = 0.569; p = 0.001) was found between the OSDI scores and TER measurements. Conclusions The means of the tear evaporation rate and the ocular surface disease index scores are significantly higher in subjects with a high BMI compared with the control group. Therefore, a high BMI is considered a risk factor for dry eye. The measurement of the tear evaporation rate using a handheld VapoMeter is a simple and rapid method to detect dry eyes in combination with other tools.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Evaluation of Tear Evaporation Rate in Subjects with a High Body Mass Index

Abusharha

El‐Hiti

Alharbi

et al. 2022

Klin Monbl Augenheilkd

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“…23 Associations have been found between a high BMI and hypertension, 24 heart diseases, 25 stroke, 26 diabetes, 27 mature mortality due to sleep apnea, 28 and dry eye. 29 Clearly, both smoking and high BMI are risk factors for many illnesses including dry eye. 29 The current study examined ocular tear film in smokers, subjects with a high BMI, and healthy individuals using the EASYTEAR view+ (EASYTEAR S.R.L., Via Maioliche, Trento, Italy).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29 Clearly, both smoking and high BMI are risk factors for many illnesses including dry eye. 29 The current study examined ocular tear film in smokers, subjects with a high BMI, and healthy individuals using the EASYTEAR view+ (EASYTEAR S.R.L., Via Maioliche, Trento, Italy). The EASYTEAR view+ is used as a noninvasive tool for the assessment of tear film to detect dry eye syndromes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Assessment of Tear Film Parameters in Smokers and Subjects with a High Body Mass Index

Fagehi¹,

El‐Hiti

Almojalli

et al. 2022

Optom Vis Sci

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SIGNIFICANCE:The current study compares the ocular tear film parameters in three different groups using a single noninvasive, practical, and easy-to-use tool.PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the tear film in smokers, those with a high body mass index (BMI), and healthy subjects using the EASYTEAR view+.METHODS: Thirty men with a high BMI (>25 kg/m 2 ; 24.4 ± 6.4 years), 30 smokers (25.1 ± 6.1 years), and 30 healthy subjects (22.2 ± 3.5 years) were recruited. Each subject completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index, followed by the assessment of noninvasive tear breakup time, tear meniscus height (TMH), and lipid layer patterns (LLPs).RESULTS: Significant differences were found in the median TMH scores between smokers and healthy subjects ( P = .03) and between subjects with a high BMI and the healthy ones ( P = .04). The median LLP score was significantly ( P < .001) higher in normal subjects (4.0 [1.0]) than in smokers (2.4 [1.0]) and subjects with high BMI (2.0 [1.3]). For subjects with a high BMI, the noninvasive tear breakup time score was strongly correlated (Spearman rank correlation coefficient; r) with TMH (r = 0.552, P = .002) and LLP (r = 0.555, P = .001). The LLP showed that grade B (lipid layer thickness, 30 to 50 nm; more compact) was common in subjects with a high BMI, grade C (50 to 80 nm, gray waves) was predominant in smokers, and grade D (~80 nm, dense white-blue layer) represented the majority of normal eye subjects.CONCLUSIONS: Smokers and individuals with a high BMI showed significantly lower lipid layer grades and tear meniscus height scores compared with the control group. The assessment of tear film parameters using the EASYTEAR view+ supports the findings of previous studies that implicate smoking and high BMI as risk factors for dry eye.

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“…An insignificant or weak correlation between TF grades and other dry eye test scores is expected because each test assesses a different parameter or dry eye symptom. Reports have suggested that the TF test is a valid and repeatable in vitro technique that can be used alongside other tests to assess tear film (15)(16)(17)(18)(19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Humidity, temperature, smoking, aging, hormone changes, use of digital screens for a long period, contact lens wear, and consumption of alcohol all contribute to the dry eye (11)(12)(13). In addition, dry eye is associated with several illnesses such as diabetes, thyroid gland disorders, vitamin A and D deficiencies, high blood cholesterol level, and high body mass index (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement in Tear Ferning Patterns of Sheep Tears After Addition of Various Electrolyte Solutions

et al. 2021

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Objective: This study aimed to improve the tear ferning (TF) patterns in the sheep tears after the addition of various electrolyte solutions in different proportions.Animal Studied: Sheep were located at a small farm in the outskirts of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The sheep had no ocular disorders or diseases, and none of the female sheep were pregnant.Methods: Tear samples (20 μl) were collected from the right eyes of seven healthy sheep (five female sheep and two male sheep; age 7–36 months with an average of 17.0 ± 10.3 months). A tear sample (1 μl) from each sheep was dried on a microscopic glass slide at 22°C and <40% humidity. The TF patterns were graded based on the five-point grading scale in 0.1 increments. Homogenous mixtures were prepared by mixing tears from each sheep (0.5 μl) with various electrolyte solutions in different proportions (1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10). A sample of each mixture (1 μl) was dried on a glass slide, and the TF patterns for each mixture were observed, recorded, graded, and compared with those of the corresponding pure sheep tears. In addition, each sheep tear sample (0.5 μl) was diluted with pure water (0.5 μl) and the TF images were recorded and graded to test the dilution effect.Results: General improvement was noted in TF grades after the addition of electrolyte solutions, ranging from 1.7–1.4 to 1.3–0.3 regardless of the ratio between the electrolyte solutions and sheep tears within the mixture. TF grades of sheep tear samples improved significantly after adding different volumes of calcium chloride solution. Similar improvements in TF grades were observed when magnesium chloride hexahydrate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate solutions were used as the electrolytes. Some improvements in the TF grades occurred with the addition of potassium chloride to sheep tear samples. There was little improvement in TF grades after the addition of sodium chloride solution.Conclusion: Tear ferning grades of sheep tear samples improved when mixed with a number of electrolyte solutions at different volumes, in particular with calcium chloride or magnesium chloride solutions. Some improvements in TF grades were seen with sodium dihydrogen phosphate or potassium chloride solution added as the electrolyte. Clearly, divalent electrolytes lead to a greater improvement in TF grades of sheep tear samples as compared with sodium dihydrogen phosphate or monovalent electrolytes.

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<p>Assessment of tear film in subjects with a high body mass index</p>

Cited by 8 publications

References 47 publications

Evaluation of Tear Evaporation Rate in Subjects with a High Body Mass Index

Evaluation of Tear Evaporation Rate in Subjects with a High Body Mass Index

Assessment of Tear Film Parameters in Smokers and Subjects with a High Body Mass Index

Improvement in Tear Ferning Patterns of Sheep Tears After Addition of Various Electrolyte Solutions

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