<i>In vitro</i> metabolism of pesticides and industrial chemicals in fish

Abstract

Metabolism is one of the most important factors in controlling the toxicity and bioaccumulation of pesticides in fish. In vitro systems using subcellular fractions, cell lines, hepatocytes and tissues of a specific organ, each of which is characterized by usability, enzyme activity and chemical transport via membrane, have been applied to investigate the metabolic profiles of pesticides. Not only species and organs but also the fishkeeping conditions are known to greatly affect the in vitro metabolism of pesticides. A comparison of the metabolic profiles of pesticides and industrial chemicals taken under similar conditions has shown that in vitro systems using a subcellular S9 fraction and hepatocytes qualitatively reproduce many in vivo metabolic reactions. More investigation of these in vitro systems for pesticides is necessary to verify their applicability to the estimation of pesticide metabolism in fish.

Prediction of nanographene binding-scores to trout cellular receptors and cytochromes

“…For further downstream experimentation, several in vitro assays such as those using subcellular fractions, fish cell lines, hepatocytes and/or tissues 24 , could be used. Specifically to detect a variety of tAHR induced genes, for instance, RTqPCR could be used to detect up-/down-regulation of selected tcyps .…”

“…Among all these possibilities, CYPs were chosen for this study because in vertebrates these oxidative microsomal-membrane heme-containing enzymes are the main participants in phase 1 detoxyfication 21 . In addition, some of them are induced after ligand binding to AHR and have been studied in rainbow trout 22 , to such an extent that induction of CYP1 by AHR activation is been used as a biomarker for hydrophobic contaminant exposure 23, 24 . A feed-back loop regulates AHR and CYPs transcription, increasing CYP1 down-regulates ahr and inhibition of CYP1 up-regulates ahr 16 .…”

Methods for assessing the bioaccumulation of hydrocarbons and related substances in terrestrial organisms: A critical review

“…Subcellular fractions of liver tissue, specifically liver S9 and microsomes, are often simpler alternatives to hepatocytes, but may not include a full complement of chemical metabolizing enzymes that hepatocytes do. Liver S9 and microsomes can be prepared following some simple steps and can also be obtained commercially (Katagi, 2020; Richardson et al, 2016). They can also be stored for extended periods of time at −80 °C, but their use in incubations is in most cases limited to approximately 2 h, after which enzymatic activity decreases considerably.…”

Are insect GPCRs ideal next‐generation pesticides: opportunities and challenges

“…Although remarkably successful, extensive pesticide usage gave birth to new problems, the most important one of which were environmental toxicity, and bioaccumulation [21][22][23][24][25]. Extensive and random usage, e.g., inadequate application and spraying equipment and poor storage techniques resulted in soil, water, and food contamination that threatened public health and non-target organisms [26][27][28][29][30].…”

“…Extensive and random usage, e.g., inadequate application and spraying equipment and poor storage techniques resulted in soil, water, and food contamination that threatened public health and non-target organisms [26][27][28][29][30]. Groundwater contamination by the leaching of agricultural pesticides from soils is a serious problem leading to pollution of the aquatic environment [24,31,32]. This is coupled with the increased risk of human exposure to contaminated drinking water and food sources [33].…”