&lt;I&gt;Glossina austeni&lt;/I&gt; (Diptera: Glossinidae) Eradicated on the Island of Unguja, Zanzibar, Using the Sterile Insect Technique

Vreysen, Marc J. B.; Saleh, Khalfan M.; Ali, Mashavu Y.; Abdulla, Abdulla M.; Zhu, Zeng-Rong; Juma, Kassim Gharib; Dyck, V. A.; Msangi, A. R.; Mkonyi, P. A.; Feldmann, Horst

doi:10.1603/0022-0493-93.1.123

Cited by 401 publications

(317 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…These locations are likely to be at low risk of re‐invasion from neighboring populations from the main habitat belt providing a natural setting for experiments, akin to island settings, which have been used in the past to test new control methods such as sterile male techniques (Vreysen et al., 2000). These discrete and spatially isolated populations could be used to explore the feasibility of new control approaches, such as genetic‐based ones including transgenesis and paratransgenesis (reviewed in McGraw & O'Neill, 2013), because of their lower risk of migration in/out of the area and thereby reduced recolonization from neighboring sites outside the control area.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A spatial genetics approach to inform vector control of tsetse flies (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) in Northern Uganda

Saarman

Burak

Opiro

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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Tsetse flies (genus Glossina) are the only vector for the parasitic trypanosomes responsible for sleeping sickness and nagana across sub‐Saharan Africa. In Uganda, the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes is responsible for transmission of the parasite in 90% of sleeping sickness cases, and co‐occurrence of both forms of human‐infective trypanosomes makes vector control a priority. We use population genetic data from 38 samples from northern Uganda in a novel methodological pipeline that integrates genetic data, remotely sensed environmental data, and hundreds of field‐survey observations. This methodological pipeline identifies isolated habitat by first identifying environmental parameters correlated with genetic differentiation, second, predicting spatial connectivity using field‐survey observations and the most predictive environmental parameter(s), and third, overlaying the connectivity surface onto a habitat suitability map. Results from this pipeline indicated that net photosynthesis was the strongest predictor of genetic differentiation in G. f. fuscipes in northern Uganda. The resulting connectivity surface identified a large area of well‐connected habitat in northwestern Uganda, and twenty‐four isolated patches on the northeastern margin of the G. f. fuscipes distribution. We tested this novel methodological pipeline by completing an ad hoc sample and genetic screen of G. f. fuscipes samples from a model‐predicted isolated patch, and evaluated whether the ad hoc sample was in fact as genetically isolated as predicted. Results indicated that genetic isolation of the ad hoc sample was as genetically isolated as predicted, with differentiation well above estimates made in samples from within well‐connected habitat separated by similar geographic distances. This work has important practical implications for the control of tsetse and other disease vectors, because it provides a way to identify isolated populations where it will be safer and easier to implement vector control and that should be prioritized as study sites during the development and improvement of vector control methods.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A spatial genetics approach to inform vector control of tsetse flies (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) in Northern Uganda

Saarman

Burak

Opiro

et al. 2018

Ecology and Evolution

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“…In past decades, spraying of residual insecticides was effective in certain areas, but this technique is no longer acceptable on environmental grounds. More recently, two environmentally friendly campaigns achieved sustained elimination by targeting isolated tsetse populations as a whole (6,7). It is therefore useful to identify islands (8) or ecological islands (9) where isolated tsetse populations could be eradicated without risk of reinvasion.…”

Section: The Challenges Of Tsetse Eliminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping landscape friction to locate isolated tsetse populations that are candidates for elimination

Bouyer

Dicko

Cecchi

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Tsetse flies are the cyclical vectors of deadly human and animal trypanosomes in sub-Saharan Africa. Tsetse control is a key component for the integrated management of both plagues, but local eradication successes have been limited to less than 2% of the infested area. This is attributed to either resurgence of residual populations that were omitted from the eradication campaign or reinvasion from neighboring infested areas. Here we focused on Glossina palpalis gambiensis, a riverine tsetse species representing the main vector of trypanosomoses in West Africa. We mapped landscape resistance to tsetse genetic flow, hereafter referred to as friction, to identify natural barriers that isolate tsetse populations. For this purpose, we fitted a statistical model of the genetic distance between 37 tsetse populations sampled in the region, using a set of remotely sensed environmental data as predictors. The least-cost path between these populations was then estimated using the predicted friction map. The method enabled us to avoid the subjectivity inherent in the expert-based weighting of environmental parameters. Finally, we identified potentially isolated clusters of G. p. gambiensis habitat based on a species distribution model and ranked them according to their predicted genetic distance to the main tsetse population. The methodology presented here will inform the choice on the most appropriate intervention strategies to be implemented against tsetse flies in different parts of Africa. It can also be used to control other pests and to support conservation of endangered species.area-wide integrated pest management | eradication | vector control | remote sensing | resistance surface

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“…It is unlikely that a vaccine will become available in the foreseeable future ( Nyame et al , 2004; Vale, 2009). Control of tsetse flies, the cyclical vectors of trypanosomes in SSA, is a significant factor in managing the disease in a holistic manner ( Allsopp, 2001; Bouyer et al , 2015; Kgori et al , 2006; Leak et al , 1995; Mulla & Rickman, 1988; Vreysen et al , 2000). Nonetheless, local eradication successes have been limited to less than 2% of the infested area due to either resurgence of residual populations that were omitted from eradication campaigns or reinvasion from neighbouring infested areas ( Bouyer et al , 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haematology of N’Dama and West African Shorthorn cattle herds under natural Trypanosoma vivax challenge in Ghana

et al. 2018

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Background: Animal trypanosomosis is a major cause of economic loss in livestock production in Africa. A suggested control measure is to use breeds with traits of trypanotolerance. The study examines the effect of natural Trypanosoma vivax challenge on haematological parameters in two trypanotolerant cattle [N’Dama and West African Shorthorn (WASH)] herds. Methods: Trypanosoma vivax-specific primers were used to diagnose T. vivax infection in an N’Dama herd at Cape Coast in southern Ghana and a WASH herd at Chegbani in northern Ghana from May to July 2011 in a cross-sectional study. Levels of haematological parameters comprising packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and red blood cell (RBC) and total white blood cell (TWBC) counts; differential WBC counts (neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils); and RBC indices of mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined in blood samples and then compared between infected and uninfected cattle. Results: We found that haematological indices for infected and uninfected animals in both breeds were within the normal range. However, the mean PCV values for T. vivax-infected WASH and N’Dama were lower in infected compared to uninfected animals. The difference was significant ( p< 0.05) in N’Dama but not in WASH. Conclusion: Despite the presence of infection by T. vivax, N’Dama and WASH cattle maintained their haematological parameters within acceptable normal ranges, which confirms their trypanotolerant trait. This highlights the need for low-input traditional African farmers in medium, high and severe tsetse challenge areas to be educated on the advantages of N’Dama and WASH breeds to increase their utilization in integrated tsetse and trypanosomosis control programmes.

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<I>Glossina austeni</I> (Diptera: Glossinidae) Eradicated on the Island of Unguja, Zanzibar, Using the Sterile Insect Technique

Cited by 401 publications

References 12 publications

A spatial genetics approach to inform vector control of tsetse flies (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) in Northern Uganda

A spatial genetics approach to inform vector control of tsetse flies (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) in Northern Uganda

Mapping landscape friction to locate isolated tsetse populations that are candidates for elimination

Haematology of N’Dama and West African Shorthorn cattle herds under natural Trypanosoma vivax challenge in Ghana

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