<i>Clostridioides difficile</i> infection in coronavirus disease 2019: an underestimated problem?

The Emerging Role of Neutrophils in the Pathogenesis of Thrombosis in COVID-19

“…Based on the well-documented role of NETs in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, the inhibition of NETs by Lactobacillus rhamnosus may exert a positive effect on COVID-19 patients. Moreover, the microbiota disruption (dysbiosis) during the COVID-19 pandemic has led to increasing incidences of C. difficile infection (CDI) [132]. Probiotics have been further reported to promote immunity to secondary infections such as pseudomembranous colitis due to Clostridium difficile.…”

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on prevalence of Clostridioides difficile infection in a UK tertiary centre

“…In contrast, Lewandowski et al. found a significant increase in the incidence of CDI during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the pre-pandemic period in their single centre study in Warsaw, Poland (10.9% vs 2.6%; P < 0.001) [ 10 ].…”

The Complexity of Co-Infections in the Era of COVID-19

“…The importance of appropriate case definitions for infection is underscored [91,93]. Unique co-infections with atypical or chronic bacterial infections (in addition to M. pneumoniae as previously discussed) have also been cited [94][95][96][97][98][99][100]. Among the latter, the finding of 20% of adults having concomitant Bordetella pertussis infections must raise again concern with the applicability of diagnostic methods [100].…”

“…Among the latter, the finding of 20% of adults having concomitant Bordetella pertussis infections must raise again concern with the applicability of diagnostic methods [100]. For Clostridiodes difficile, associated risk factors for co-infection including antibiotic use are not surprising, and there is no seemingly unique propensity with COVID-19 [99].…”