<b><i>CTLA4</i></b> and <b><i>CD28</i></b> Gene Polymorphisms with Respect to Affective Symptom Domain in Schizophrenia

Abstract

Background: Accumulating evidence indicates that immune alterations in schizophrenia are due to genetic underpinnings. Here, we aimed at investigating whether polymorphisms in CTLA4 and CD28 genes, encoding molecules that regulate T-cell activity, influence schizophrenia symptomatology. Method: We recruited 120 schizophrenia patients and 380 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. We divided the patients into two groups: one with no co-occurrence between psychotic and affective symptoms and the second one with psychotic symptoms dominating in the clinical manifestation, although also with occasional affective disturbances in the course of illness. Results: Among the patients with co-occurring affective symptoms, there were significantly more CTLA4 c.49A>G[A] alleles (p = 0.018, odds ratio (OR) 2.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-3.66) and more CTLA4 g.319C>T[T] alleles (p = 0.07, OR 1.93, 95% CI 0.94-4.13) in comparison to the second group. Additionally, we have shown that CD28 c.17 + 3T>C[C+] were more significantly overrepresented among patients with co-occurring psychotic and affective symptoms (p = 0.0003, OR 3.36, 95% CI 1.69-6.68) than in patients without co-occurence between these symptoms (p = 0.012, OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.15-3.10). Conclusion:CTLA4 and CD28 gene polymorphisms may not only act in immune deregulation observed in schizophrenia, but may also influence the course of the illness by modifying the susceptibility to the co-occurrence of psychotic and affective symptoms.

Identification of candidate biomarkers and pathways associated with multiple sclerosis using bioinformatics and next generation sequencing data analysis

“…CFTR (CF transmembrane conductance regulator) [380], ABCA2 [381], HK2 [382], NGFR (nerve growth factor receptor) [383], TF (transferrin) [384], GLUL (glutamate-ammonia ligase) [324], ADAMTS4 [385], BIN1 [386], HSPA2 [387], LMNA (lamin A/C) [388], HSD11B1 [389], HTRA1 [390], APLP1 [391], MT3 [392], ADORA1 [393], DYSF (dysferlin) [394], SLC24A4 [395], RHOB (ras homolog family member B) [396], NINJ2 [397], LRP2 [398], LIPC (lipase C, hepatic type) [399], DHCR7 [400], SCD (stearoyl-CoA desaturase) [401], F11 [402], PFKL (phosphofructokinase, liver type) [403], ALDH1A1 [404], SPON1 [405] and CTNNA3 [406] are significantly associated with the Alzheimer’s Disease. CCR4 [407], CCR2 [408], CD48 [409], CD28 [410], CCL3 [411], CTLA4 [412], C6 [413], MICB (MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence B) [414], DRD3 [415], HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) [416], DIO3 [417], TTR (transthyretin) [418], GRHL3 [419], VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A) [420], ADM (adrenomedullin) [421], CHI3L1 [422], SOX3 [423], MAG (myelin associated glycoprotein) [424], CNP (2’,3’-cyclic nucleotide 3’ phosphodiesterase) [425], SREBF1 [426], OLIG2 [427], ATF3 [428], NGFR (nerve growth factor receptor) [429], TF (transferrin) [430], GLUL (glutamate-ammonia ligase) [324]. MOG (myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein) [431], ERBB3 [432], NHLH2 [433], GADD45B [434], PADI2 [435], ADORA1 [436], NINJ2 [437], WNT7A [438], DAO (D-amino acid oxidase) [439], PRODH (proline dehydrogenase 1) [440] and HCRTR1 [441] could regulate the development of psychiatric disorders.…”