<b>Estimation of water consumption in multifamily residential buildings

Abstract

ABSTRACT. This article shows an estimation of water expenditure in multifamily residential buildings in the city of Joinville, located in south Brazil. The proposed method includes an investigation of the water expenditure and an evaluation of the particularities of each building. The investigation was accomplished in thirty buildings and the collected data allowed a classification of the buildings and a measurement of the water consumption rate. The water consumption in buildings with individualized and collective water measurement systems was analyzed. Furthermore, a comparative study was done between the water consumption in buildings that have at least one pool and buildings without any pools. Some buildings in the sample have an alternative water supply system; however there is no measurement of the water consumption in none of the cases analyzed in this study. The per capita consumption was 224 liters per person per day. The buildings with individualized water measurement had smaller consumption per capita than the buildings with collective measurement, showing a reduction of about 34%. The buildings with pools had consumption per capita nearly 48% more than the per capita consumption in buildings without pools.Keywords: consumption indicator, water measurement systems. Estimativa do consumo de água em edifícios multifamiliaresRESUMO. O presente artigo apresenta a estimativa de consumo de água em edifícios residenciais multifamiliares na cidade de Joinville-SC, localizada na região Sul do Brasil. O método proposto inclui a investigação do consumo de água e avaliação de particularidades de cada edificação. A investigação foi realizada em 30 edifícios localizados na região central da cidade e os dados coletados permitiram classificar os edifícios e quantificar o indicador de consumo de água. Foi analisado o consumo de água em edifícios com medição individualizada e com medição coletiva do consumo de água. Além disso, foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre o consumo de água em edifícios que possuem pelo menos uma piscina e edifícios em que não há piscinas. Alguns edifícios da amostra possuem sistema alternativo de abastecimento de água, porém não há medição de consumo de água em nenhum dos casos analisados neste estudo. O consumo per capita calculado foi de 224 litros/habitante por dia. Os edifícios com medição individualizada de água apresentaram menor consumo per capita que os edifícios com medição coletiva de água, com uma redução de aproximadamente 34%. Os edifícios com piscina apresentaram um consumo per capita aproximadamente 48% maior que o consumo per capita de edifícios sem piscinas.Palavras-chave: indicador de consumo, sistema de medição de água.

Proposals for water conservation in urban areas in Brazil

“…Water consumption in buildings with individualized and collective water metering systems was analyzed by Souza & Kalbusch (2017) in the city of Joinville (SC), Brazil. The investigation was conducted for 30 buildings, and the data collected allowed the classification of the buildings and the measurement of water consumption rates.…”

An Initial Analysis of the Shortcomings of Conventional AI and the Benefits of Distributed AI Approaches in Industrial Use Cases

“…Distributed AI Expectations. Within MIRAI, Shayp will take a first step from a purely statistical model to a distributed ML model in order to improve and speed up leakage detection [16], improve building classification [17,18] and increase battery lifetime. This model will run locally on the edge devices and send water consumption to the cloud only if necessary.…”

Data Collection Surveys on the Cornerstones of the Water-Energy Nexus: A Systematic Overview

“…Urban water surveys have been conducted in many different countries including Japan [58], USA [59], China [60], Australia [61]- [63], Brazil [64], and Palestine [65], to name a few. Such surveys have been conducted for a variety of objectives such as promoting water conservation and identifying factors influencing water demand, as described in this section.…”

“…Souza and Kalbusch [64] determined the per capita water demand of 30 buildings using data from a questionnaire and a municipal water supply company in Joinville, south Brazil. As would be expected, findings showed that buildings with pools and multi-family buildings consumed more water per capita than buildings with individual water measurement systems and no pools.…”