LSD Psychosis or LSD-Induced Schizophrenia?

Vardy, Michael M.; Kay, Stanley R.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790070067008

Cited by 137 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Moreover, another environmental factor that can contribute to the onset of schizophrenia is hallucinogenic drug abuse (3). LSD, DOI, and psilocybin can induce schizophrenia-like psychosis in healthy human subjects (3,4,(44)(45)(46), and in the case of psilocybin, the effect can be blocked by ketanserin. Furthermore, these drugs induce schizophrenia-like traits in animals such as a PPI deficit (47,48) and stereotypic head twitches (16,17,49).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging reveals increased DOI-induced brain activity in a mouse model of schizophrenia

Malkova

Gallagher

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Significance Here, we model a positive symptom of schizophrenia, hallucination-like activity, in a mouse model of an environmental risk factor of schizophrenia, maternal immune activation (MIA). MIA offspring display an enhanced susceptibility to the hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI) and demonstrate elevated DOI-induced brain activity as measured by induction of immediate early genes and manganese-enhanced MRI. High sensitivity to DOI in MIA offspring can be explained by an increased level of serotonin receptor 2A (5-HT2AR) that mediates the effect of DOI on the prefrontal cortex. Chronic treatment with the 5-HT2AR antagonist ketanserin reduces DOI-induction of head twitching in MIA offspring. Our data demonstrate that DOI-induced hallucination-like activity can be modeled in the MIA mouse model and suggest 5-HT2AR as a potential therapeutic target for schizophrenia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging reveals increased DOI-induced brain activity in a mouse model of schizophrenia

Malkova

Gallagher

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…A number of hypotheses have been proposed regarding the connection, including the hypothesis of a direct impact of substances on psychosis through pharmacological or psychosocial mechanisms [1] ; the stress-vulnerability hypothesis, with substance use regarded as a stress that can trigger a psychotic episode or relapse in individuals predisposed to psychosis [2], and the self-medication hypothesis, with substance use viewed as a means by which an individual manages psychotic symptoms [1,3] . A number of earlier studies considered the affinities between psychotic and psychedelic-drug experiences [4][5][6][7][8] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Phenomenology of the Psychotic Break and Huxley’s Trip: Substance Use and the Onset of Psychosis

Nelson

Sass²

2008

Psychopathology

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Background: While considerable research attention has been devoted to the causal relationship between substance use and psychosis, the phenomenology of the association between the two has largely been ignored. This is a significant shortcoming, because it blinds researchers to the possibility that there may be elements of the subjective experience of substance use and psychosis that contribute to their apparent relationship in empirical studies. Sampling and Methods: The current paper examines the phenomenology of the onset of psychosis and the phenomenology of substance intoxication through consideration of two texts: Sass’s account of the phenomenology of psychosis onset and Huxley’s account of the experience of hallucinogenic intoxication. Sass’s account of psychosis onset includes four components: Unreality, Fragmentation, Mere Being, and Apophany. Results: The analysis reveals significant parallels – and also some differences – between this account and the phenomenology of substance intoxication. Conclusions: We discuss the implications of this for the causal relationship between psychosis and substance use and suggest several ways of understanding the overlapping phenomenologies. This includes the suggestion of a shared factor, perhaps best described as psychotic-like experience, which seems to involve a breakdown of the sign-referent relationship and relationship with the common-sense, practical world. However, in the onset of psychosis, this breakdown is primarily experienced as a sense of alienation from self and world, whereas in the hallucinogenic state a sense of mystical union and revelation seems predominant. Further research may extend this analysis by looking at experiences with other drugs, particularly cannabis, and by examining the phenomenology of psychotic disorder beyond the first episode.

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“…Though Wilson indulged in LSD far less than other drugs he used (various sources stating that he took it no more than three times), it would seem foolish to discount the role the substance played in his mental degradation post-1965, especially in light of circumstantial evidence of similarities between LSD psychosis and actual psychosis (Young 1974;Vardy & Kay, 1983) and more explicit findings that LSD presents a significant independent risk for psychosis in predisposed individuals (Abraham & Aldridge, 1993;Vardy & Kay, 1983). Furthermore, only the truly cynical would discount its additional effects on his creative exploits.…”

Section: Lsdmentioning

confidence: 99%

A psychobiographical analysis of Brian Douglas Wilson: Creativity, drugs, and models of schizophrenic and affective disorders

Belli¹

2009

Personality and Individual Differences

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The suggestion of a relationship between creativity and mental disorder has existed for centuries, and has been advocated by many psychological researchers. The present analysis offers a consideration of the nature of mental disorder present in Brian Wilson, an individual recognised as one of the most creative figures in 20th century popular music. Using converging biographical evidence, and the diagnostic program Opcrit, Wilson's diagnosis is concluded to be schizoaffective. Employing details of his drug abuse, various models of schizoaffective spectra are examined, in particular a reconsideration of the LSD model of schizophrenia. The model is shown to be useful for positive schizophrenic symptoms including overinclusion, a potentially key element of creativity. In doing so, this psychobiographical analysis allows examination of potential relationships between mental disorder and creativity, the effects of various narcotics on creativity and various elements of mental disorder, the efficacy of various drug models of psychotic disorders, and the overlap between psychotic and affective disorders.

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LSD Psychosis or LSD-Induced Schizophrenia?

Cited by 137 publications

References 27 publications

Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging reveals increased DOI-induced brain activity in a mouse model of schizophrenia

Manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging reveals increased DOI-induced brain activity in a mouse model of schizophrenia

The Phenomenology of the Psychotic Break and Huxley’s Trip: Substance Use and the Onset of Psychosis

A psychobiographical analysis of Brian Douglas Wilson: Creativity, drugs, and models of schizophrenic and affective disorders

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