Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment

Aprile, E.; Agostini, F.; Alfonsi, M.; Arazi, L.; Arisaka, K.; Arneodo, F.; Auger, M.; Balan, C.; Barrow, P.; Baudis, L.; Bauermeister, B.; Behrens, A.; Beltrame, P.; Brown, A.; Brown, E.; Bruenner, S.; Bruno, G.; Budnik, R.; Buetikofer, L.; Cardoso, J. M. R.; Coderre, D.; Colijn, A. P.; Contreras, H.; Cussonneau, J. P.; Decowksi, M. P.; Di Giovanni, A.; Duchovni, E.; Fattori, S.; Ferella, A. D.; Fieguth, A.; Fulgione, W.; Garbini, M.; Geis, C.; Goetzke, L. W.; Grignon, C.; Gross, E.; Hampel, W.; Itay, R.; Kaether, F.; Kessler, G.; Kish, A.; Landsman, H.; Lang, R. F.; Calloch, M. Le; Lellouch, D.; Levinson, L.; Levy, C.; Lindemann, S.; Lindner, M.; Lopes, J. A. M.; Lyashenko, A.; Macmullin, S.; Undagoitia, T. Marrodan; Masbou, J.; Massoli, F. V.; Mayani, D.; Fernandez, A. J. Melgarejo; Meng, Y.; Messina, M.; Miguez, B.; Molinario, A.; Morana, G.; Murra, M.; Naganoma, J.; Oberlack, U.; Orrigo, S. E. A.; Pakarha, P.; Pantic, E.; Persiani, R.; Piastra, F.; Pienaar, J.; Plante, G.; Priel, N.; Rauch, L.; Reichard, S.; Reuter, C.; Rizzo, A.; Rosendahl, S.; Santos, J. M. F. dos; Sartorelli, G.; Schindler, S.; Schreiner, J.; Schumann, M.; Lavina, L. Scotto; Selvi, M.; Shagin, P.; Simgen, H.; Teymourian, A.; Thers, D.; Tiseni, A.; Trinchero, G.; Tunnell, C.; Vitells, O.; Wall, R.; Wang, H.; Weber, M.; Weinheimer, C.; Laubenstein, M.

doi:10.48550/arxiv.1503.07698

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The results are compatible with those presented by XENON [11] and PandaX collaborations [12]; the same PMT model has been also analyzed in [13,14]. The modified version R11410-21 of the Hamamatsu PMTs presents a 60 Co activity reduced by a factor ∼4-5, according to XENON1T results [15].…”

Section: Materials Radioassaysupporting

confidence: 87%

Radon and material radiopurity assessment for the NEXT double beta decay experiment

Cebrián,

Pérez,

Bandac

et al. 2015

Preprint

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The "Neutrino Experiment with a Xenon TPC" (NEXT), intended to investigate the neutrinoless double beta decay using a high-pressure xenon gas TPC filled with Xe enriched in 136 Xe at the Canfranc Underground Laboratory in Spain, requires ultra-low background conditions demanding an exhaustive control of material radiopurity and environmental radon levels. An extensive material screening process is underway for several years based mainly on gamma-ray spectroscopy using ultra-low background germanium detectors in Canfranc but also on mass spectrometry techniques like GDMS and ICPMS. Components from shielding, pressure vessel, electroluminescence and high voltage elements and energy and tracking readout planes have been analyzed, helping in the final design of the experiment and in the construction of the background model. The latest measurements carried out will be presented and the implication on NEXT of their results will be discussed. The commissioning of the NEW detector, as a first step towards NEXT, has started in Canfranc; in-situ measurements of airborne radon levels were taken there to optimize the system for radon mitigation and will be shown too.

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Section: Materials Radioassaysupporting

confidence: 87%

Radon and material radiopurity assessment for the NEXT double beta decay experiment

Cebrián,

Pérez,

Bandac

et al. 2015

Preprint

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“…The PMTs are 3" Hamamatsu R11410-21, specifically developed for XENON1T, and chosen for their high quantum efficiency (35% on average) and low radioactivity, which was evaluated through a screening campaign performed by the XENON1T collaboration [28]. Their characteristics and performance are described in more detail in [29,30].…”

Section: Detector Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the estimation of the NR background, since the neutron yield depends also on the particular material, we considered the measurement of the raw PMT components (rows 7-10). More details on the measurement of the contamination of the PMTs and their constituents can be found in [28]. A whole description of the screening campaign, with additional results and details, will be presented in a dedicated article [36].…”

Section: Radioactive Contamination In Detector Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physics reach of the XENON1T dark matter experiment

Aprile,

Aalbers,

Agostini

et al. 2015

Preprint

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140

234

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The XENON1T experiment is currently in the commissioning phase at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy. In this article we study the experiment's expected sensitivity to the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon interaction cross section, based on Monte Carlo predictions of the electronic and nuclear recoil backgrounds.The total electronic recoil background in 1 tonne fiducial volume and (1, 12) keV electronic recoil equivalent energy region, before applying any selection to discriminate between electronic and nuclear recoils, is (1.80 ± 0.15) • 10 −4 (kg • day • keV) −1 , mainly due to the decay of 222 Rn daughters inside the xenon target. The nuclear recoil background in the corresponding nuclear recoil equivalent energy region (4, 50) keV, is composed of (0.6 ± 0.1) (t • y) −1 from radiogenic neutrons, (1.8 ± 0.3) • 10 −2 (t • y) −1 from coherent scattering of neutrinos, and less than 0.01 (t • y) −1 from muon-induced neutrons.The sensitivity of XENON1T is calculated with the Profile Likelihood Ratio method, after converting the deposited energy of electronic and nuclear recoils into the scintillation and ionization signals seen in the detector. We take into account the systematic uncertainties on the photon and electron emission model, and on the estimation of the backgrounds, treated as nuisance parameters. The main contribution comes from the relative scintillation efficiency L eff , which affects both the signal from WIMPs and the nuclear recoil backgrounds. After a 2 y measurement in 1 t fiducial volume, the sensitivity reaches a minimum cross section of 1.6 • 10 −47 cm 2 at m χ =50 GeV/c 2 .

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“…The LUX (Large Underground Xenon), XENON100, and PandaX [8,9,10,11] experiments have demonstrated the scalability of xenon detector to multi-ton scale. It is the goal of the successor experiments, LZ (LUX-Zeplin) and XENON1T [12,13] to decisively identify xenon atoms that have suddenly recoiled in response to a collision with a WIMP. Successful identification (known as direct detection) and subsequent studies would transform empirical understanding of cosmology, astrophysics, and particle physics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive study of low-energy response for xenon-based dark matter experiments

Wang

Mei

2017

J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.

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We report a comprehensive study of the energy response to low-energy recoils in dual-phase xenon-based dark matter experiments. A recombination model is developed to explain the recombination probability as a function of recoil energy at zero field and non-zero field. The role of e-ion recombination is discussed for both parent recombination and volume recombination. We find that the volume recombination under non-zero field is constrained by a plasma effect, which is caused by a high density of charge carriers along the ionization track forming a plasma-like cloud of charge that shields the interior from the influence of the external electric field. Subsequently, the plasma time that determines the volume recombination probability at non-zero field is demonstrated to be different between electronic recoils and nuclear recoils due to the difference of ionization density between two processes. We show a weak field-dependence of the plasma time for nuclear recoils and a stronger field-dependence of the plasma time for electronic recoils. As a result, the timedependent recombination is implemented in the determination of charge and light yield with a generic model. Our model agrees well with the available experimental data from xenon-based dark matter experiments.

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Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment

Cited by 8 publications

References 22 publications

Radon and material radiopurity assessment for the NEXT double beta decay experiment

Radon and material radiopurity assessment for the NEXT double beta decay experiment

Physics reach of the XENON1T dark matter experiment

A comprehensive study of low-energy response for xenon-based dark matter experiments

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