Lower respiratory tract infections: etiology, current treatment, and experience with fluoroquinolones

Rubinstein, Ethan; Carbon, C; Rangaraj, Manickaam; Santos, José Ignacio; Thys, J. P.; Veyssier, P

doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.1998.tb00693.x

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Bronchitis is usually preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection and can be caused by a combination of environmental factors and bacterial infections by pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Chronic bronchitis is classically defined as persistent cough and sputum production with periodic exacerbation (171). Bronchiolitis is a viral respiratory disease of infants and is caused primarily by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses, or rhinovirus.…”

Section: Bronchitis and Bronchiolitismentioning

confidence: 99%

A four-part guide to lung immunology: Invasion, inflammation, immunity, and intervention

et al. 2023

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Lungs are important respiratory organs primarily involved in gas exchange. Lungs interact directly with the environment and their primary function is affected by several inflammatory responses caused by allergens, inflammatory mediators, and pathogens, eventually leading to disease. The immune architecture of the lung consists of an extensive network of innate immune cells, which induce adaptive immune responses based on the nature of the pathogen(s). The balance of immune responses is critical for maintaining immune homeostasis in the lung. Infection by pathogens and physical or genetic dysregulation of immune homeostasis result in inflammatory diseases. These responses culminate in the production of a plethora of cytokines such as TSLP, IL-9, IL-25, and IL-33, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Shifting the balance of Th1, Th2, Th9, and Th17 responses have been the targets of therapeutic interventions in the treatment of these diseases. Here, we have briefly reviewed the innate and adaptive i3mmune responses in the lung. Genetic and environmental factors, and infection are the major causes of dysregulation of various functions of the lung. We have elaborated on the impact of inflammatory and infectious diseases, advances in therapies, and drug delivery devices on this critical organ. Finally, we have provided a comprehensive compilation of different inflammatory and infectious diseases of the lungs and commented on the pros and cons of different inhalation devices for the management of lung diseases. The review is intended to provide a summary of the immunology of the lung, with an emphasis on drug and device development.

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Section: Bronchitis and Bronchiolitismentioning

confidence: 99%

A four-part guide to lung immunology: Invasion, inflammation, immunity, and intervention

et al. 2023

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“…It can have severe effects which may lead to hospitalization and loss of life. 4 In ICU's nosocomial infection have been included as a severe problem among intubated patients leading to major mortality and morbidity. Most of the patients suffer from urosepsis, postoperative disease and lower respiratory infection when admitted in ICU's.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriological profile and their antibiogram from Endotracheal aspirate and Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from intensive care unit patients

Chitrans

Sharma²,

Maqusood³

et al. 2021

IJMMTD

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Bacterial respiratory infections are most commonly causes of illness for all age group patients in ICU. Most of the patients suffer from urosepsis, postoperative disease and lower respiratory infection when admitted in ICU’s. The main purpose of this study is control in ICU’s infection & determine their antibiotic sensitivity pattern for better treatment of patients. Bacteriological profile and their antibiogram from endotracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from intensive care unit patients.We performed manual culture of Endotracheal aspirate & BAL fluid specimens collected from ICU’s patients. Samples were cultured on Blood agar and Mac-Conkey agar then incubated at 37C for 24 hours. Any growth were further confirmed by Gram stain and appropriate biochemical tests, and then Antibiotic sensitivity test was done. Among the 123 mechanically ventilated patients and 68 of them developed positive samples. In this study 55.3% (68) pathogenic isolates, 4.1% (5) were non pathogenic isolates and 40.6 (50) were no growth isolates in BAL and endotracheal aspirate samples. In which 67.6% (46) male and 32.4% (22) female patients. Older population falling in the 40-50 years of age group contributes the majority (27.64%) of the infection undergoing treatment for LRT infection in ICU’s patients in TMMC & RC, Moradabad, and in 70-80 years of age group (4.06%) was less contributes of this infection. Among the causative agents, were most common among gram negatives and was common among the gram positive isolates. In our study more resistance gram positive antibiotics were CIP, E, LE, and most sensitive antibiotics were VA, LZ, GEN and TEI. And gram negative bacteria most resistant antibiotics were OF, CPM, CAZ, CIP, CTR, MRP, LE, IPM, PIT and most sensitive antibiotics were AK, GEN, CL, TGC. In this study we conclude that Gram-negative bacilli were predominant in BAL fluid and endotracheal aspirates of ICU patients. Out of 68 multidrug resistance isolates, 1.47% were MRSA, 41.17% were ESBL and 57.36% were MBL isolates higher rate of ESBL production seen in spp., and higher rate of MBL production in spp.High incidence of VAP and the potential MDR pathogens are a real threat in our ICU’s. Combined approach of judicious antibiotic usage and training programs to health care personnel might be of help in combatting high incidence of antibiotic resistance in our institute.

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Drug Delivery Systems for Respiratory Infections

Padhi

Behera

2022

Advanced Drug Delivery Strategies for Targeting Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases

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Lower respiratory tract infections: etiology, current treatment, and experience with fluoroquinolones

Cited by 10 publications

References 52 publications

A four-part guide to lung immunology: Invasion, inflammation, immunity, and intervention

A four-part guide to lung immunology: Invasion, inflammation, immunity, and intervention

Bacteriological profile and their antibiogram from Endotracheal aspirate and Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from intensive care unit patients

Drug Delivery Systems for Respiratory Infections

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