Lower limb Kinematic analysis to Le Petit Echappe´ by using two different Pointe Training Pointe and Professional Pointe in ballet

Abstract

Biomechanics is considered one of the highest and noblest of sciences, (Lee et al., 2012). This science seeks to study the characteristic curve of mathematical skills in particular (Aquino et al., 2019;Jarvis & Kulig, 2020), as dynamic motor performance requires Many special skills and each skill includes a set of performances. The most effective way to improve and develop performance is kinematic analysis, as it requires determining the correct mechanical performance of the skill. (McGinnis, 2011; Payton & Bartlett, n.d., 2018) (Pitkin, n.d.) Ballet is considered a global language and is defined as a theatrical performance in which group and individual dance and movement expression participate with musical or lyrical accompaniment, or with percussion instruments, and by using appropriate clothing, scenes and lighting.As it is considered an integrated art that performs certain movements in a specific place, and the ballet presentation is the fruit of engineering thinking in a spatial space, and the machine that he uses is the body of the dancer himself, and his preservation of balance so that he can be stable in any special position or during movement. (Lin et al., 2005; saleh & ahmed al sabw, 2020a; hany abdelaziz ibrahim Saleh & ahmed al sabw, 2020) the jump is of great importance in the ballet and the student flies in the air to perform a movement with air before landing.The skill Pas Echappe´ is divided into three types:-Echappe´ Sur Les Pointes -Le Petit Echappe´ -Le Grand Echappe´ Le Petit Echappe´'s breakout skill is one of the leaps that require great skill to control the leg muscles and which require a long period of training. ("The "Non-Traditional Ballet Body" in the Ballet, 2013; "The "Non-Traditional Ballet Body" in the Ballet, 2013;Klapper, 2020; saleh & ahmed al sabw, 2020b) The skill Le Petit Echappe´ performs from (the fifth position of the feet. The right in front -bending the knees -the arms, the first position). The student pushes the ground to rise high with the legs open to take the second position in the air. With the knees and the two feet straight, then landing in the fifth position -the left foot forward and the knees bent (dos Santos et al., 2020;

The Effects of Pointe Shoes on Ballet Dancers’ Biomechanics, Muscle Activity, Movement and Symptoms: A Scoping Review

“…Studies from 7 different countries were included, with just over a third (37%) from the USA. 3,10,[16][17][18][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Nine percent of studies were from the United Kingdom, [30][31][32] 3% from Canada, 33 France, 34 New Zealand, 9 Egypt, 35 and Greece, 36 6% from Japan, 19,37 6% from Taiwan, 38,39 and for the remaining 29% the country of testing was unclear. 7,8,11,[40][41][42][43][44][45][46] Of the included studies, there were 24 journal articles, 5 theses, 3,10,27,31,33 4 conference articles, 18,26,41,45 and 2 abstracts.…”

“…The number of studies focusing on shoe types has also increased recently, with 11 out of the 12 studies being published in the last 12 years. 17,19,27,29,31,32,[35][36][37]46 Methods of included studies. The majority (86%) of the studies in this review were cross-sectional.…”

“…Of the kinematic studies, 5 studies looked at 2D data (eg, photo or video data), 11,28,40,42,46 and nine 3D data (eg, Vicon systems). 16,18,23,27,[29][30][31]35,39 For kinetics, 19 studies used force plates, [16][17][18][19][22][23][24][25]27,[29][30][31][32]34,[37][38][39]41,46 3 pressure sensors, 26,44,45 and one used a mobile phone application. 36 Four studies used EMG, 18,23,33,37 5 questionnaires, 3,7-10 and 3 imaging (X-ray 11 and MRI 8,43 ).…”

“…One study explored pelvic kinematics (pelvic tilt, determined by measuring the distance between markers on the patella and the anterior superior iliac spine) 28 and 2 joint kinematics (toe, heel, ankle and knee angular velocity, acceleration, and displacement). 27,35 Three studies explored ankle kinetics exploring ankle moment, 18 peak net ankle inversion and plantarflexion moment 23 and ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion moment range. 39 Eight studies explored GRF, 16,17,22,24,27,30,41,46 11 postural stability (eg, sway or center of pressure trajectory), 16,19,23,25,30,31,34,[36][37][38]41 8 range of motion, 18,27,29,30,35,39,42,43 3 foot forces (eg, in shoe pressure transducers in various locations), 26,44,45 one reaction time.…”

“…27,35 Three studies explored ankle kinetics exploring ankle moment, 18 peak net ankle inversion and plantarflexion moment 23 and ankle plantar flexion and dorsiflexion moment range. 39 Eight studies explored GRF, 16,17,22,24,27,30,41,46 11 postural stability (eg, sway or center of pressure trajectory), 16,19,23,25,30,31,34,[36][37][38]41 8 range of motion, 18,27,29,30,35,39,42,43 3 foot forces (eg, in shoe pressure transducers in various locations), 26,44,45 one reaction time. 40 Those studies that did not focus on biomechanics explored symptoms, 3,7,[9][10][11]42 muscle activity, 18,23,33,37 and function (eg, vertical/lateral jump height/distance 17,…”