“…As previously mentioned ( Section 3.1 ; [ 120 , 176 , 197 ]), irisin exerts anti-apoptotic and proliferative effects in rodent and human β-cell lines, as well as in mouse and human pancreatic islets, both in vitro and in vivo. However, irisin levels are reduced in T2D compared to non-diabetic controls [ 82 , 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 ], and this reduction may contribute to β-cell loss. Similarly, adiponectin has been shown to increase β-cell proliferation [ 218 , 274 , 345 ] and reduce β-cell apoptosis [ 65 , 218 , 277 , 345 ] in rodent β-cell lines and in mice models.…”