Lower Extremity Occlusive Disease: Diagnostic Imaging with a Combination of Cardiac-Gated 2D Phase-Contrast and Cardiac-Gated 2D Time-of-Flight MRA

Abstract

The combination of 2D-PC-MRA with triggered 2D-TOF-MRA detects stenotic lesions in the lower extremity arterial system with high sensitivity and specificity.

Assessment of aorto‐iliac disease with magnetic resonance angiography using arterial phase 3‐d gradient‐echo and interstitial phase 2‐d fat‐suppressed spoiled gradient‐echo sequences

“…Complete and detailed evaluation of the common and external iliac arteries is important prior to treatment in patients with peripheral vascular disease. The correct identification of the site, severity, and number of stenoses is important in planning of percutaneous angioplasty and stent placement as well as in the preoperative evaluation of bypass grafts (7, 16, 17).…”

Magnitude subtraction vs. complex subtraction in dynamic contrast-enhanced 3D-MR angiography: Basic experiments and clinical evaluation

“…A variety of new techniques for non-contrast-enhanced MRA have been applied recently (25)(26)(27). Direct comparisons between the optimized Dy-3D-MRA technique with C-Sub and these new non-contrast MRA techniques should be performed using state-of-the-art equipment to determine the clinical utility and applications of these new techniques.…”

Peripheral Artery Disease

“…Techniques used to image the arterial tree include black blood, phase contrast, time of flight ( TOF ), and contrast-enhanced MRA. 46,47 Limitations of a flow-based TOF MRA include lengthy acquisition types, turbulence, nonlinear vascular structures, and retrograde flow. Selective removal of blood from the image causes the lumen to appear black, and the technique is therefore called black blood.…”