Lower-Extremity Muscle Cross-Sectional Area After Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury

Shah, Prithvi; Stevens, Jennifer E.; Gregory, Chris; Pathare, Neeti; Jayaraman, Arun; Bickel, Scott C.; Bowden, Mark G.; Behrman, Andrea L.; Walter, Glenn A.; Dudley, Gary A.; Vandenborne, Krista

doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.02.028

Cited by 74 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The lack of any observable effect of SCI on the magnitude of PT of the DF muscles confirms previous reports, 3,18,19 and is most likely the result of SCI-induced changes in muscle stiffness. Olsson et al 10 showed a MHC type IIx-dependent increase in muscle stiffness, as measured by passive tension, after SCI.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The length–tension relationship of human dorsiflexor and plantarflexor muscles after spinal cord injury

Pelletier

Hicks

2009

Spinal Cord

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Study design: A cross-sectional design. Objectives: To examine the length-tension relationship of dorsiflexion (DF) and plantarflexion (PF) muscle groups in seven individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI; C2-T7; age 43 ± 10.1 years) and compare it with a group of age and sex-matched able-bodied (AB) controls. Setting: McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Methods: Isometric single twitch properties, 0.5-s tetanic contractions (SCI) and maximal voluntary contractions (AB) were measured at nine joint angles from 201 DF to 201 PF. Results: In the DF muscles, peak-evoked twitch (PT) torque occurred at 201 PF for SCI (3.4±1.1 N m) and AB (3.8 ± 1.4 N m) with no difference in peak torque between groups, whereas peak summated force occurred at 101 PF in AB and 201 PF in SCI (Po0.01). In the PF muscles, PT torque occurred at 151 DF in AB (18.6 ± 2.6 N m) and at 51 DF (6.8 ± 3.3 N m; Po0.01) in SCI, and peak-summated force occurred at 151 DF in AB. The SCI group did not show any change in PF peak-summated force with varying joint angles. Rates of contraction and relaxation were not different between the two groups. Conclusions:The results suggest a significant change in the length-tension relationship of the PF muscles after SCI, but no change in the DF muscle group. Rehabilitation programs should focus on maintaining PF muscle length in order to optimize muscle strength and function after SCI.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The length–tension relationship of human dorsiflexor and plantarflexor muscles after spinal cord injury

Pelletier

Hicks

2009

Spinal Cord

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“…2,[20][21][22] A large number of these studies were performed in spinal cord-transected or -isolated studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Disruption of the neural input as well as decreased loading lead to rapid loss in muscle mass in persons with SCI. 2 This significantly impacts the care and lifestyle of patients and also increases their risk to develop secondary health problems such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. 3 Therefore, a major area of interest is the prevention or attenuation of muscle atrophy associated with SCI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A longitudinal study of skeletal muscle following spinal cord injury and locomotor training

et al. 2008

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Study design: Experimental rat model of spinal cord contusion injury (contusion SCI).Objective: The objectives of this study were (1) to characterize the longitudinal changes in rat lower hindlimb muscle morphology following contusion SCI by using magnetic resonance imaging and (2) to determine the therapeutic potential of two types of locomotor training, treadmill and cycling. Setting: University research setting. Methods: After moderate midthoracic contusion SCI, Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to either treadmill training, cycle training or an untrained group. Lower hindlimb muscle size was examined prior to SCI and at 1-, 2-, 4-, 8-, and 12-week post injury. Results: Following contusion SCI, we observed significant atrophy in all rat hindlimb muscles with the posterior muscles (triceps surae and flexor digitorum) showing greater atrophy than the anterior muscles (tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum). The greatest amount of atrophy was measured at 2-week post injury (range from 11 to 26%), and spontaneous recovery in muscle size was observed by 4 weeks post-SCI. Both cycling and treadmill training halted the atrophic process and accelerated the rate of recovery. The therapeutic influence of both training interventions was observed within 1 week of training and no significant difference was noted between the two interventions, except in the tibialis anterior muscle. Finally, a positive correlation was found between locomotor functional scores and hindlimb muscle size following SCI. Conclusions: Both treadmill and cycle training diminish the extent of atrophy and facilitate muscle plasticity after contusion SCI.

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“…Similar to patients with complete SCI, individuals with incomplete SCI display a variety of skeletal muscle adaptations including a decrease in muscle cross-sectional area, 1 and decrements in voluntary force production and muscle activation. 2 Collectively, these musculoskeletal deficits limit the overall functional capabilities of this patient population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Collectively, these musculoskeletal deficits limit the overall functional capabilities of this patient population. 1,2 Furthermore, a relatively sedentary lifestyle following the neurological injury makes persons with incomplete SCI extremely vulnerable to metabolic risk factors. Glucose intolerance and insulin resistance are purported as two of the major metabolic risk factors in the development of cardiovascular complications after SCI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive assessment of lower extremity muscle composition after incomplete spinal cord injury

et al. 2008

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Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Objective: (1) To quantify intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content of the soleus muscle. (2) To assess the T 2 relaxation rates in the lower extremity skeletal muscles in persons with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). Setting: Academic Institution, Florida. Methods: Eight subjects (42 ± 10 years old; 70 ± 12 kg; 176 ± 10 cm) with chronic (17 ± 9 months post injury) motor SCI (C4-T12; ASIA C or D) and eight matched healthy controls were tested. Localized unsuppressed proton spectroscopy (H-MRS) was performed to estimate total lipid content and individual lipid components; IMCL and extramyocellular lipid (EMCL) from the soleus muscle. T 2 -weighted imaging of lower extremity muscles yielded muscle T 2 rates. Results: The IMCL content of the soleus muscle was 3.3 times higher in the patient group as compared to controls (P ¼ 0.002; 0.0401 (0.0234-0.0849) versus 0.0123 (0.0090-0.0175)). Similarly, EMCL measures were 4.5 times higher as compared to the controls (P ¼ 0.002). Significant differences were observed in the T 2 relaxation times of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles (Po0.05). Conclusion:The increased levels of IMCL might interfere with the glucose uptake in skeletal muscle; potentially predisposing persons with incomplete SCI to the development of peripheral insulin resistance. Marked elevations in the T 2 relaxation times of the locomotor muscles are reflective of an altered muscle composition.

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Lower-Extremity Muscle Cross-Sectional Area After Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury

Cited by 74 publications

References 29 publications

The length–tension relationship of human dorsiflexor and plantarflexor muscles after spinal cord injury

The length–tension relationship of human dorsiflexor and plantarflexor muscles after spinal cord injury

A longitudinal study of skeletal muscle following spinal cord injury and locomotor training

Non-invasive assessment of lower extremity muscle composition after incomplete spinal cord injury

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