Lower emotional awareness is associated with greater early adversity and faster life history strategy.

Smith, Ryan; Steklis, Horst D.; Steklis, Netzin Gerald; Weihs, Karen L.; Allen, John J. B.; Lane, Richard D.

doi:10.1037/ebs0000282

Cited by 8 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“… a Data from the TPM and IRI are novel to this study. Data from other measures (bottom table section) have previously been described [ 64 ]. b p-values are based on two-sample t-tests between males and females.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… a Data from the TPM and IRI are novel to this study. Data from other measures (bottom table section) have previously been described [ 64 ]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We note here that data on LEAS, CTQ, and CECA scores have been analyzed in a previous study [ 64 ]. The data shown from TPM, IRI, and PANAS scores, and their relations to EA and early adversity, are novel to this study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is important to note here that we do not examine the relationship between LEAS, CTQ, and CECA scores, because this has already been addressed in a previous study using this dataset [ 64 ]. Therefore, we focus only on novel analyses of the relationship between these measures and TPM, IRI, and PANAS scores.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given the findings reviewed above, it also appears plausible that the relationship between EA and psychopathic traits could differ in primary vs. secondary psychopathy. For example, early adversity is negatively related to EA [ 64 ], and EA is thought to reflect adaptive early learning [ 47 , 48 ], both of which could suggest a negative relationship between EA and secondary psychopathy; that is, early adversity could both hinder development of EA and contribute to secondary psychopathy. However, EA is also closely related to theory of mind [ 65 ] and has been associated with greater emotion recognition ability [ 57 ], whereas the direction of the relationship between primary/secondary psychopathy and these abilities is somewhat inconsistent across studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychopathic tendencies are selectively associated with reduced emotional awareness in the context of early adversity

et al. 2022

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It is unclear at present whether psychopathic tendencies are associated with lower or higher levels of emotional awareness (EA). Given that psychopathy includes a proficiency for manipulating others, one might expect an elevated ability to identify and use information about others’ emotions. On the other hand, empathic deficits in psychopathy could arise from reduced emotional awareness. Further, heterogeneity in psychopathy may also play a role, wherein ‘secondary’ psychopathy is associated with early adversity and high negative affect, while ‘primary’ psychopathy is not. In this paper, we tested the relationship between EA and psychopathic tendencies in 177 undergraduate students (40 males) who completed the levels of emotional awareness scale (LEAS), the triarchic psychopathy measure (TPM), the affective (empathy-related) subscales of the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI), and two measures of early adversity: the childhood experiences of care and abuse questionnaire (CECA) and the childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ). We found that lower LEAS scores were associated with higher TPM and lower IRI empathy scores, but these relationships were primarily present in those with early adversity and high negative affect. This suggests that lower EA may be selectively associated with higher levels of secondary psychopathy, while those with higher levels of primary psychopathy remain capable of higher EA.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… a Data from the TPM and IRI are novel to this study. Data from other measures (bottom table section) have previously been described [ 64 ]. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Psychopathic tendencies are selectively associated with reduced emotional awareness in the context of early adversity

et al. 2022

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How childhood maltreatment alters perception and cognition – the predictive processing account of borderline personality disorder

2022

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Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe mental disorder, comprised of heterogeneous psychological and neurobiological pathologies. Here, we propose a predictive processing (PP) account of BPD to integrate these seemingly unrelated pathologies. In particular, we argue that the experience of childhood maltreatment, which is highly prevalent in BPD, leaves a developmental legacy with two facets: first, a coarse-grained, alexithymic model of self and others – leading to a rigidity and inflexibility concerning beliefs about self and others. Second, this developmental legacy leads to a loss of confidence or precision afforded beliefs about the consequences of social behavior. This results in an over reliance on sensory evidence and social feedback, with concomitant lability, impulsivity and hypersensitivity. In terms of PP, people with BPD show a distorted belief updating in response to new information with two opposing manifestations: rapid changes in beliefs and a lack of belief updating despite disconfirmatory evidence. This account of distorted information processing has the potential to explain both the instability (of affect, self-image, and interpersonal relationships) and the rigidity (of beliefs about self and others) which is typical of BPD. At the neurobiological level, we propose that enhanced levels of dopamine are associated with the increased integration of negative social feedback, and we also discuss the hypothesis of an impaired inhibitory control of the prefrontal cortex in the processing of negative social information. Our account may provide a new understanding not only of the clinical aspects of BPD, but also a unifying theory of the corresponding neurobiological pathologies. We conclude by outlining some directions for future research on the behavioral, neurobiological, and computational underpinnings of this model, and point to some clinical implications of it.

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Early adversity and emotional awareness: A partial confirmation and extension of their relationship

Smith

Versluis

Chuning

et al. 2023

Journal of Family Trauma, Child Custody & Child Development

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b department of public health and primary Care, leiden university medical Center, health, medical and neuropsychology unit, leiden university, leiden, The netherlands; c department of psychology, university of arizona, Tucson, aZ, usa; d department of psychiatry, university of arizona, university of arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, aZ, usa; e health, medical and neuropsychology unit, leiden university, leiden, The netherlands; f Clinical psychology unit, leiden university, leiden, The netherlands; g department of psychiatry, university of arizona, Tucson, aZ, usa; h department of psychiatry, department of psychology, department of neuroscience, university of arizona, Tucson, aZ, usa

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Lower emotional awareness is associated with greater early adversity and faster life history strategy.

Cited by 8 publications

References 52 publications

Psychopathic tendencies are selectively associated with reduced emotional awareness in the context of early adversity

Psychopathic tendencies are selectively associated with reduced emotional awareness in the context of early adversity

How childhood maltreatment alters perception and cognition – the predictive processing account of borderline personality disorder

Early adversity and emotional awareness: A partial confirmation and extension of their relationship

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