Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Versus Continuous Endurance Training: Effects on Hematological and Cardiorespiratory System Adaptations in Professional Canoe Polo Athletes

Sheykhlouvand, Mohsen; Gharaat, Mohammadali; Khalili, Erfan; Alinejad, Hamid Agha; Farhad, Rahmaninia; Arazi, Hamid

doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002112

Cited by 28 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…However, no scientific literature regarding the relative impact of the emotional and psychological characteristics of these athletes is available. Several studies mainly investigated the anthropometric [ 35 ], nutritional [ 36 ], hormonal [ 37 ], and physiological [ 38 , 39 ] requirements of male and female canoe polo players. The research highlighted that many functional alterations in both men and women players result from basic differences in body size and body composition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mood States and Performance in Elite Canoe Polo Players: The Mediating Role of Stress

Corrado

Buscemi²,

Magnano

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Sport performance is characterized by competitive stressful conditions that elicit emotional states. The purpose of the study was to examine whether stress mediated the relationship between mood states and performance. Thirty-two elite canoe polo players from four different Italian teams (16 senior males and 16 senior females), aged between 29 and 38 years old (M = 32.3, SD = 2.71), participated in the study. Measures included level of psychological stress, six mood dimensions, and performance outcome. We also detected the digit ratio—the lower second-to-fourth digit length (2D:4D) ratio—as it was demonstrated to be correlated to high sports performance. The assessment took place one day before the first game of the national competition “ITALY CUP”. Male athletes reported lower scores on dysfunctional emotion-related states and on 2D:4D ratio than female athletes. The results of the mediation analysis showed that psychological stress plays a mediating role between moods and performance. Overall, given the limited literature, the findings supported an integrative approach to the study of the linkage between emotion and action in canoe polo.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mood States and Performance in Elite Canoe Polo Players: The Mediating Role of Stress

Corrado

Buscemi²,

Magnano

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Regarding training intervention, the included studies used a diversity of modalities and IT protocols. Most used cycling ( n = 18) or running ( n = 11), while some studies used walking [ 62 , 64 ], arm-cycling [ 52 ], paddling [ 60 , 65 ] and swimming [ 58 ]. Twenty-five studies involved exclusively submaximal IT protocol (i.e., HIIT), 10 studies involved exclusively maximal IT protocol (i.e., SIT), usually Wingate-based protocols (i.e., repeated 30 s “all-out” effort) and one study involved both submaximal and maximal protocols [ 44 ], and compared different rest interval mode (e.g., passive or active) for HIIT and SIT.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intensity of HIIT protocols was prescribed and controlled based on percentage of maximal velocity achieved during incremental test (Vmax) [ 29 , 30 , 46 , 60 , 61 ], velocity associated with

O 2max [ 43 , 59 ] or

O 2peak [ 65 ], percentage of

O 2max [ 50 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 67 ], or reserve oxygen uptake (

O 2reserve ) [ 62 , 64 ], percentage of HR max [ 41 , 66 ] or reserve heart rate HR reserve [ 42 ], and percentage of peak power [ 25 , 26 , 44 , 51 , 58 ] or maximum anaerobic power [ 27 ]. Eleven studies prescribed SIT protocol using “all out” efforts [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 44 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 63 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two studies involving SIT reported no change on salivary IgA (absolute concentration or secretory rate) after training [ 23 , 63 ]. Three studies involving HIIT found no significant change in leucocyte count [ 30 , 42 , 65 ]. Regarding leucocyte function, one study verified increases on peripheral lymphocyte T helper subsets (i.e., memory regulatory T cell and Treg) [ 41 ] after HIIT.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acute and Chronic Effects of Interval Training on the Immune System: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Souza

Vale

Silva

et al. 2021

Biology

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Purpose: To summarize the evidence regarding the acute and chronic effects of interval training (IT) in the immune system through a systematic review with meta-analysis. Design: Systematic review with meta-analysis. Data source: English, Portuguese and Spanish languages search of the electronic databases Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and SciELO. Eligibility criteria: Studies such as clinical trials, randomized cross-over trials and randomized clinical trials, investigating the acute and chronic effects of IT on the immune outcomes in humans. Results: Of the 175 studies retrieved, 35 were included in the qualitative analysis and 18 in a meta-analysis. Within-group analysis detected significant acute decrease after IT on immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretory rate (n = 115; MD = −15.46 µg·min−1; 95%CI, −28.3 to 2.66; p = 0.02), total leucocyte count increase (n = 137; MD = 2.58 × 103 µL−1; 95%CI, 1.79 to 3.38; p < 0.001), increase in lymphocyte count immediately after exercise (n = 125; MD = 1.3 × 103 µL−1; 95%CI, 0.86 to 1.75; p < 0.001), and decrease during recovery (30 to 180 min post-exercise) (n = 125; MD = −0.36 × 103 µL−1;−0.57 to −0.15; p < 0.001). No effect was detected on absolute IgA (n = 127; MD = 47.5 µg·mL−1; 95%CI, −10.6 to 105.6; p = 0.11). Overall, IT might acutely reduce leucocyte function. Regarding chronic effects IT improved immune function without change leucocyte count. Conclusion: IT might provide a transient disturbance on the immune system, followed by reduced immune function. However, regular IT performance induces favorable adaptations on immune function.

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“…In fact, there is growing evidence claiming that physical activities stimulate the immune function and slow down the immunosenescence phenomenon [ 43 ]. In terms of the influence exerted by the type of exercise, a comparative study showed that continuous endurance training caused a decrease in lymphocyte count as opposed to high-intensity interval training, while all the other leukocyte fractions showed no significant variations [ 45 ].…”

Section: Leukocytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the Finish Line: The Impact and Dynamics of Biomarkers in Physical Exercise—A Narrative Review

Costache

Miftode

et al. 2021

JCM

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The research of biomarkers continues to emerge as a developing academic field which is attracting substantial interest. The study of biomarkers proves to be useful in developing and implementing new screening methods for a wide variety of diseases including in the sports area, whether for leisure activities or professional sports. Novel research has brought into question the immune system and the limitations it may impose on sports practicing. As the well-being of athletes is a priority, the state of their immune function offers valuable information regarding their health status and their ability to continue training. The assessment of various biomarkers may contribute to a more accurate risk stratification and subsequent prevention of some invalidating or even fatal pathologies such as the sudden cardiac death. Therefore, we have reviewed several studies that included sports-related pathology or specific morphofunctional alterations for which some immune biomarkers may represent an expression of the underlying mechanism. These include the defensins, immunoglobulin A (IgA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), the tumoral necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and the white blood cells (WBC) count. Similarly, also of significant interest are various endocrine biomarkers, such as cortisol and testosterone, as well as anabolic or catabolic markers, respectively. Literature data highlight that these values are greatly influenced not only by the duration, but also by the intensity of the physical exercise; moderate training sessions actually enhance the immune function of the body, while a significant increase in both duration and intensity of sports activity acts as a deleterious factor. Therefore, in this paper we aim to highlight the importance of biomarkers’ evaluation in connection with sports activities and a subsequent more adequate approach towards personalized training regimens.

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Low-Volume High-Intensity Interval Versus Continuous Endurance Training: Effects on Hematological and Cardiorespiratory System Adaptations in Professional Canoe Polo Athletes

Cited by 28 publications

References 36 publications

Mood States and Performance in Elite Canoe Polo Players: The Mediating Role of Stress

Mood States and Performance in Elite Canoe Polo Players: The Mediating Role of Stress

Acute and Chronic Effects of Interval Training on the Immune System: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Beyond the Finish Line: The Impact and Dynamics of Biomarkers in Physical Exercise—A Narrative Review

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