Low-voltage electrically-enhanced microextraction as a novel technique for simultaneous extraction of acidic and basic drugs from biological fluids

On‐line extraction and determination of two herbicides: Comparison between two modes of three‐phase hollow fiber microextraction

“…The preconcentration factors in the ranges of 98–128 and 629–653 were obtained for conventional and three‐phase HF‐LPME based on two immiscible organic solvents, respectively. The following equation was applied to calculate the extraction efficiency (EE%): Where V a is the acceptor phase volume and V s is the sample solution volume . EE values as much as 81.7 were obtained for HF‐LPME based on two immiscible organic solvents.…”

“…The relative recovery (RR%) was calculated by the following equation: Where C found , C real , and C added are concentration of the analyte after addition of an exact amount of the standard into the real sample, concentration of the analyte in the real sample, and concentration of the standard spiked into the real sample, respectively . The obtained relative recoveries (94.0–11.5%) indicate the major role of hollow fiber membrane to achieve excellent clean‐up and accuracy in different matrices.…”

Highly sensitive electromembrane extraction for the determination of volatile organic compound metabolites in dried urine spot

“…Compared with HF-LPME, improved extraction kinetics and reduced extraction time may be achieved with EME because the electric field is a more powerful driving force than the pH gradient used in HF-LPME [24][25][26]. EME has been applied to the extraction of acidic and basic substances from several matrices using voltages of various strengths, typically in the range of 9-300 V [22,23,[26][27][28][29][30].…”

“…In EME, charged analytes migrate from the sample solution, through a supported liquid membrane (SLM) immobilized in the pores of a hollow fiber, into a tiny amount of acceptor solution upon application of an electric potential energy across the SLM. This technique involves simple extraction with sample clean-up, analyte separation, and simultaneous enrichment [23]. Compared with HF-LPME, improved extraction kinetics and reduced extraction time may be achieved with EME because the electric field is a more powerful driving force than the pH gradient used in HF-LPME [24][25][26].…”

Electromembrane extraction of polar basic drugs from plasma with pure bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite as supported liquid membrane

“…2) as the SLM[28][29][30][31]35,36,[41][42][43]. The purpose of DEHP is to ion-pair with the positively charged drug molecules at the sample/SLM interface, and to facilitate theirtransfer into the SLM.…”