Low vitamin D status in relation to cardiovascular disease and mortality in Swedish women – Effect of extended follow-up

Abstract

Low 25D status increased the risk for all endpoints, but a lengthy follow-up diminished these risks towards the null. The impact of follow-up depends on the outcome. Future studies of 25D and disease should use repeated 25D assessments.

Socioeconomic status and risk of osteoporotic fractures and the use of DXA scans: data from the Danish population-based ROSE study

“…It has been suggested that low SES is associated with low levels of vitamin D, which could explain some of Side 15 af 26 these findings; however, this wasn't investigated in the present study [31].…”

Vitamin D Status and Mortality: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies

“…Most studies reported inverse associations between 25(OH)D concentration and all-cause mortality (i.e. higher mortality for lower 25(OH)D) (Figure 2 and Table S2) [6,10,11,22,23,24,26,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61]. These studies generally had long follow-up times, substantial numbers of participants and deaths, extensive adjustment for potential confounders, and encompassed broad geographical regions including North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Australia, although the vast majority of studies were conducted in Europe and the United States (U.S.).…”

“…Leu-Agelii et al (2017) examined whether the duration of follow-up affected the association between 25(OH)D and all-cause mortality in the Population Study of Women in Gothenburg with more than 30 years of follow-up. The association remained, but was attenuated with longer follow-up time (HRs at 17 years and 37 years for the lowest versus upper three 25(OH)D fourths = 1.96, 95% CI 1.25–3.08 and 1.42, 95% CI 1.17–1.72, respectively) [40].…”

“…Lower 25(OH)D concentrations were also associated with increased all-cause mortality among participants who reported being in good to excellent health [6,33]. In addition, the association remains (but is slightly attenuated) with increasing follow-up durations, and persists after accounting for changes in 25(OH)D concentrations over time [6,31,40]. The separate associations of vitamins D 2 and D 3 with mortality requires further investigation, particularly considering findings from meta-analyses of RCTs, which have found reduced mortality for vitamin D 3 supplementation, but no effect or even a potential increased risk for vitamin D 2 supplementation [1,80].…”

Low Muscle Mass Is Associated with Lower 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level in All Age Groups of South Korean Adults: The 2009–2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES)

“…There, it is converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) by a hydroxylase and subsequently to the biologically active 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25[OH]2D3) by hydroxylation in the kidneys (9). Vitamin D deficiency is associated with hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer (10)(11)(12), as well as bone diseases such as rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults (13). In addition, vitamin D is reported to be associated with muscle mass.…”