“…At lower impact velocity (2 m/s), the internal energy is very small, which means the impact response is controlled by the impactor instead of impact velocity. 26 Figure 9.Energy conversation chart of hemp fiber composite at 2 m/s velocity.…”
Section: Materials and Methodologymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…At lower impact velocity (2 m/s), the internal energy is very small, which means the impact response is controlled by the impactor instead of impact velocity. 26 Initially, the kinetic energy of the impactor is obtained by the formula as shown in equation (1) K:E ¼ 0:5*mass of the impactor*velocity 2 (1)…”
Section: Impact Analysis Of Natural Compositesmentioning
In the past ten years, as awareness of biodegradability has increased, so has the utilization of natural fiber-reinforced composites. Along with the material properties, dynamic responsiveness is also necessary for the efficient design of these natural reinforced composites. In the current work, elastic characteristics and interfacial stress are evaluated for natural fiber-reinforced composites utilizing micromechanics and finite element methods. Later, employing explicit dynamic analysis, the natural composite plate was examined under impact loading. The analytical results used to verify the finite element models at each stage show good agreement. To carry out the current study, natural fiber-reinforced composites like hemp, sisal and flax as well as hemp + sisal, sisal + flax and hemp + flax hybrid composites were evaluated for their elastic modulus in longitudinal, transverse, in-plane and out of plane directions as well as their major and minor Poisson’s ratio. By adjusting the impactor’s velocity from 2 m/s to 11 m/s, the deformation, stresses, internal energy and energy summary of the hybrid natural fiber-reinforced composite are calculated from the impact analysis. Based on all the findings, the performance of hemp fiber and hemp fiber-based hybrid composites is better than all other composites taken into consideration for the current work. This research is utilized to build composite materials that function effectively under gradual loading.
“…At lower impact velocity (2 m/s), the internal energy is very small, which means the impact response is controlled by the impactor instead of impact velocity. 26 Figure 9.Energy conversation chart of hemp fiber composite at 2 m/s velocity.…”
Section: Materials and Methodologymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…At lower impact velocity (2 m/s), the internal energy is very small, which means the impact response is controlled by the impactor instead of impact velocity. 26 Initially, the kinetic energy of the impactor is obtained by the formula as shown in equation (1) K:E ¼ 0:5*mass of the impactor*velocity 2 (1)…”
Section: Impact Analysis Of Natural Compositesmentioning
In the past ten years, as awareness of biodegradability has increased, so has the utilization of natural fiber-reinforced composites. Along with the material properties, dynamic responsiveness is also necessary for the efficient design of these natural reinforced composites. In the current work, elastic characteristics and interfacial stress are evaluated for natural fiber-reinforced composites utilizing micromechanics and finite element methods. Later, employing explicit dynamic analysis, the natural composite plate was examined under impact loading. The analytical results used to verify the finite element models at each stage show good agreement. To carry out the current study, natural fiber-reinforced composites like hemp, sisal and flax as well as hemp + sisal, sisal + flax and hemp + flax hybrid composites were evaluated for their elastic modulus in longitudinal, transverse, in-plane and out of plane directions as well as their major and minor Poisson’s ratio. By adjusting the impactor’s velocity from 2 m/s to 11 m/s, the deformation, stresses, internal energy and energy summary of the hybrid natural fiber-reinforced composite are calculated from the impact analysis. Based on all the findings, the performance of hemp fiber and hemp fiber-based hybrid composites is better than all other composites taken into consideration for the current work. This research is utilized to build composite materials that function effectively under gradual loading.
“…Several non-destructive methods are available to monitor damage in composites [19]. The damage caused by low-velocity impacts can indeed be effectively retrieved employing non-destructive techniques.…”
Composite materials, which have gained prominence in the aerospace industry due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, are vulnerable to delamination damage when struck by low-speed projectiles due to their low through-thickness strength. This paper presents the experimental evaluation of a composite plate subjected to low-velocity impact. The plates under discussion were constructed using a carbon fibre reinforced polymer laminate with a quasi-isotropic ply structure. Experiments were carried out using a conical-shaped impactor on carbon/epoxy laminated plates with three different orientations ([0/0] 4 s, [0/90] 2 s, and [45/0-45/90] s) that were put through two distinct impact energies (7 J and 14 J). Impact response is determined using drop-weight impact tests. The techniques of ultrasonic C-scan, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and surface micrographs were integrated to provide a new and in-depth understanding of damage evolution and failure mechanisms in composite laminates. Damage resistance appears to decrease as impact energy increases. Furthermore, thicker laminates have lower absorbed energy but, on the other hand, more widespread delamination due to increased bending stiffness. Furthermore, quasi-isotropic laminates outperform in terms of damage resistance and increased energy absorption rates by 8 % to 15 %. The efficacy and logic of the suggested model were shown by a strong connection between experimental results.
“…Although these non-metallic systems have shown benefits such as high-performance bonds, enhanced energy absorption abilities and corrosion resistance, they have displayed vulnerability towards high temperatures and susceptibility towards brittle fractures (Cantwell and Morton, 1991;Gama et al, 2001), which are less likely to occur in metals. Difficulties in machining, low heat capacity, susceptibility to high temperatures and low structural rigidity can be considered as some of the drawbacks of polymers and auxetics (Patil et al, 2018;Sadighi et al, 2012). Moreover, ceramics undergo fragmentation, delamination and delocalization at the fracture zone upon impact, as they are weak in tension (Garshin et al, 2016).…”
Ballistic resistance enhancement of armours and structures has been a prominent area of research over the years. Monolithic metallic plates have been the preferred choice for armours against high-velocity projectiles. High-strength steel is a popular choice for such systems. However, the high areal density deters in accommodating such systems in practical applications which require lightweight products. On the contrary, multi-metallic systems produced by the combination of low-density materials with similar or superior ballistic resistance as their monolithic counterparts have become attractive candidates in defence applications. However, only a limited number of comprehensive studies on the ballistic performance of multi-metal multi-layered targets are available in the literature. Moreover, these studies have drawn contradictory conclusions on the optimum arrangement of different layers and materials within the systems. In addition, existing knowledge in this area is scattered in the literature and there is a need to collate them to enhance the development of multi-metal multi-layered ballistic-resistant plate systems in order to be optimised for ballistic-related armour. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the effect of different metals, thickness, fracture mechanisms, feasibility of the connection types and the order of the metallic plates within targets on the ballistic performance.
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